Something to Chew On: Prepositions with Genitive Infinitives (Extrabiblical)

Genitive Object

ἀντὶ τοῦ + Infinitive

The following examples of this structure were not categorized because of fragmentary or corrupt texts and/or sufficient lack of clarity regarding syntactical functions: Polyb.; Meg.; Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Tob; 1 Macc; 2 Macc; Ps; Sir; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa; Amat. narr.; Geogr.; Diod.; 1 En.; Sib. Or.; 3 Bar.; T. Reu.; T. Sim.; T. Levi; T. Jud.; T. Iss.; T. Zeb.; T. Dan; T. Naph.; T. Gad; T. Ash.; T. Jos.; T. Benj.; T. Ab.; Let. Aris.; Jub.; Jos. Asen.; Apoc. Mos.; Liv. Pro.; 4 Bar.; 3 Macc.; 4 Macc.; Pss. Sol.; Opif.; Abr.; Ios.; Mos.; Decal.; Spec.; Virt.; Praem.; Exsecr.; Nat. d.; A.J.; C. Ap.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. . .

1. Substitution

Definition

The infinitive contains something which done rather than something else. The subject has decided to act one way instead of another.

Translation Aids

Some key phrases to use for this function are “instead of” or “in place of.”

Clarification

This category is distinct from “Comparison,” though sometimes the line is not as evident as one may like.

In addition, this function is similar to “Exchange,” but the latter contains main verbs with more of a retributive idea. That is, something is done in response to the infinitive.

As opposed to the preposition with the accusative, ὑπέρ with the genitive is not comparative but takes a substitution idea (cf. BDAG 1030–31; LSJ, 1857–58).

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Spec. 4.159 ἀλλ᾽ ἔμπαλιν ἀντὶ μὲν τοῦ μεθορμίζειν τοὺς οἰκήτορας καὶ τοῖς ἐν τῇ ξένῃ σποράσιν ἀσφαλῆ κάθοδον παρέξειν, ἀντὶ δὲ τοῦ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀφαιρεῖσθαι χρήματα προσεπιδώσειν τοῖς δεομένοις τὴν ἰδίαν οὐσίαν ἀποφήναντα κοινήν

but on the contrary, (he considered) instead of the inhabitants changing abode, also to offer a secure return for the countrymen in a foreign (land); and instead of the property of others being taken away, to give his own property to those in need

Exsecr. 1.155 ἀντὶ γὰρ τοῦ παρασχεῖν μὲν ἀνθρώποις … τὰς προστεταγμένας δι᾽ ἓξ ἡμερῶν ἐκεχειρίας, παρέχειν δὲ καὶ τῇ χώρᾳ τὰς δι᾽ ἓξ ἐνιαυτῶν ἀνέσεις

For instead of granting to men … the commanded holiday after each six days, and offering also rest to the land after each six years, (they oppressed the bodies; cf. 1:156).

C. Ap. 1.210 εἰσιόντος εἰς τὴν πόλιν Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Λάγου μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀντὶ τοῦ φυλάττειν τὴν πόλιν διατηρούντων τὴν ἄνοιαν

when Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, entered the city with his army and these men maintained foolishness instead of guarding the city

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Tob; 1 Macc; 2 Macc; Ps; Sir; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa; 1 En.; Sib. Or.; 3 Bar.; T. Reu.; T. Sim.; T. Levi; T. Jud.; T. Iss.; T. Zeb.; T. Dan; T. Naph.; T. Gad; T. Ash.; T. Jos.; T. Benj.; T. Ab.; Let. Aris.; Jub.; Jos. Asen.; Apoc. Mos.; Liv. Pro.; 4 Bar.; 3 Macc.; 4 Macc.; Pss. Sol.; Opif.; Abr.; Ios.; Mos.; Decal.; Spec.; Virt.; Praem.; Exsecr.; A.J.; C. Ap. .

Greek:

Geogr. 3.3.5 ὥστ᾽ ἀντὶ τοῦ γεωργεῖν ἐπολέμουν καὶ οὗτοι

so that they also were making war instead of farming

Geogr. 15.1.67 τῶν δὲ περὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς λεγομένων καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐστίν, ὅτι ἀντὶ τοῦ προσκυνεῖν προσεύχεσθαι τοῖς βασιλεῦσι καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ καὶ ὑπεροχῇ νόμος.

And this is also of the (things) spoken concerning India, that instead of worshipping, the law (is) to address kings in prayer and all those in authority and prominence.

Nicom. (38) 37 καὶ ὑμῖν οὕτως ἀντὶ δικαιοσύνης, ἀντὶ τοῦ μὴ συλᾶσθαι τὰς πόλεις μηδὲ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τῶν ἰδίων, ἀντὶ τοῦ μὴ ὑβρίζειν αὐτοὺς εἰς ὑμᾶς, ἀντὶ τοῦ μὴ παροινεῖν, προτείνουσιν ὀνόματα.

And thus instead of righteousness, instead of not seizing the cities nor depriving the men of their own (things), instead of them not bragging to you, instead of not acting drunk, they hold out names to you.

Cf. Polyb.; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Geogr.; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. .

2. Exchange

Definition

The infinitive contains the action for which the activity of the main verb was performed. In other words the action of the main verb is done in response to that of the infinitive.

Translation Aids

Some phrases to make this nuance explicit are “in exchange for” or “in return.”

Clarification

These infinitives provide a retributive action, not necessarily negative, to the main verb. The two actions may occur simultaneously, but they are done in response to each other so that both parties can be satisfied.

Clear Examples

Greek:

Geogr. 15.1.41 ἀντὶ δὲ τοῦ τὴν γῆν ἐλευθεροῦν θηρίων καὶ τῶν σπερμολόγων ὀρνέων μετροῦνται παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως σῖτον

And in exchange for freeing the land of wild beasts and birds picking up seeds, they are granted grain from the king.

This is practically a causal idea. Because they do something, they receive a measure of grain.

Cont. (47) 14 ἐγὼ γὰρ ὄμνυμι τοὺς θεοὺς ὑμῖν ἅπαντας, ἦ μὴν ἀντὶ τοῦ λυπεῖν ὑμᾶς ἤ τινας ὑμῶν ἢ δοκεῖν βαρὺς οὐκ ἂν ἑλοίμην ἴδιά μοι γενέσθαι τὰ Δαρείου βασίλεια ἢ τὰ Κροίσου ἢ τὴν οἰκίαν τὴν πατρῴαν τὴν ἐμὴν χρυσῆν τῷ ὄντι

For I swear to you by all the gods, surely in exchange for grieving you or some of you or seeming (as) a weight, I would not choose the palace of Dareius or of Croesus to be mine or my own ancestral house being golden.

The point is that the author does not want to grieve the reader(s). Substitution would mean he would not prefer a palace to grieving them.

Regn. (56) 15 ἀντὶ δὲ τοῦ μόνον μεταγαγεῖν ἀπὸ σκηνῆς ἐπὶ σκηνὴν χρυσίον ἐπαγγέλλεται δώσειν πολὺ καὶ ἵππους καὶ τρίποδας καὶ λέβητας καὶ γυναῖκας καὶ πόλεις

And in exchange for only moving (her) from a tent to tent giving much gold and horses and three-footed (things) and boilers and women and cities was promised.

Possible Examples

LXX (translated):

Ps 108:4 ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀγαπᾶν με ἐνδιέβαλλόν με

Instead of loving me, they were falsely accusing me.

Or In exchange for my loving (them), they were falsely accusing me.

NETS (603) 108:4-5: “In return for my love they would slander me, but I, I would pray. And they rewarded me evil for good and hatred for my love.” Both prepositions, though, in verse five are ἀντί as well. Both Greek and Hebrew prepositions can mean “instead of” or “in return for.” Context does not list anything David did for his opponents.

ἀπὸ τοῦ + Infinitive

1. Cause (Reason)/Source

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

These infinitives provide the realm in which the action of the main verb finds its place of origin. With the verbal nature of infinitives, the “source” or “place of origin” will clearly be metaphorical.

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Some common phrases used to make this nuance explicit are “out of, derived from, dependent on.”

Clarification

Causal infinitives are distinct from means infinitives, in that the latter provide the instrument which is used to accomplish the main verb. It answers, “How?” Yet, a distinction between the two is not always clear. This function is also distinct from purpose infinitives, in that “the causal infinitive gives a retrospective answer (i.e., it looks back to the ground or reason), while the purpose infinitive gives prospective answer (looking forward to the intended result).” That is, these infinitives provide the reason not the goal of the main verb.

Source infinitives are most closely linked to causal forms. The distinction between the two is primarily syntactical. Causal infinitives function on a clausal level and, thus, modify words or phrases. Infinitives of source, at least for this project, operate on the level of phrases and modify individual words.

This category should be kept distinct from “Separation,” in that the latter stresses result, while “Source” emphasizes the cause or origin of the action. For example, “He departed from living” would be classified as separation, for the meaning of the statement is the death of the subject.

Allen and Hewlett give examples of source of knowledge, advantage, and disadvantage.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Ps 31:3 ἐπαλαιώθη τὰ ὀστᾶ μου ἀπὸ τοῦ κράζειν με ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν.

My bones grew old from my crying the entire day.

*Ps 68:4 ἐβραγχίασεν ὁ λάρυγξ μου ἐξέλιπον οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐλπίζειν ἐπὶ τὸν θεόν.

My throat has become sore; my eyes failed from hoping in God.

Isa 50:2 καὶ ξηρανθήσονται οἱ ἰχθύες αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ εἶναι ὕδωρ

and their fish shall be withered from no water being

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

4 Macc. 6:7 καὶ πίπτων εἰς τὸ ἔδαφος ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ φέρειν τὸ σῶμα τὰς ἀλγηδόνας ὀρθὸν εἶχεν καὶ ἀκλινῆ τὸν λογισμόν

And though falling to the ground from the body not bearing the pain, he had straight and steadfast reasoning

Spec. 1.51 τούτους δὲ καλεῖ προσηλύτους ἀπὸ τοῦ προσεληλυθέναι καινῇ καὶ φιλοθέῳ πολιτείᾳ

and these he calls proselytes from coming to a new and God-loving commonwealth

A.J. 3.316 ἀσύμφορον αὑτοῖς τὴν ἀπείθειαν ἐπέγνωσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ συμφορᾷ περιπεσεῖν.

They discovered disobedience (as) disadvantageous to them from falling into calamity.

Greek:

Geogr. 13.1.52 ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τότε Σκῆψις, εἴτ᾽ ἄλλως εἴτ᾽ ἀπὸ τοῦ περίσκεπτον εἶναι τὸν τόπον

And Scepsis was then being called, whether of something (else) or from the place being seen on all sides.

Diod. 1.12.8 ὠνομάσθαι δὲ αὐτὴν Τριτογένειαν ἀπὸ τοῦ τρὶς μεταβάλλειν αὐτῆς τὴν φύσιν κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτόν, ἔαρος καὶ θέρους καὶ χειμῶνος. λέγεσθαι δ᾽ αὐτὴν καὶ Γλαυκῶπιν, οὐχ ὥσπερ ἔνιοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὑπέλαβον, ἀπὸ τοῦ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχειν γλαυκούς: τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ εὔηθες ὑπάρχειν: ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ τοῦ τὸν ἀέρα τὴν πρόσοψιν ἔχειν ἔγγλαυκον.

And her to be named Tritogeneia from her nature changing three times each year, (during) spring, summer, and winter. And her also being called Glaucopis, not as some of the Greeks supposed, from having blue eyes; for indeed this being foolish; but from the air having bluish appearance.

Nat. d. 1.5 ὅθεν καὶ αἰθὴρ ἐκλήθη τὸ ἐξωτάτω μέρος τοῦ κόσμου ἀπὸ τοῦ αἴθεσθαι· τινὲς δέ φασιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀεὶ θεῖν οὕτως αὐτὸν ὠνομάσθαι.

So also the outermost part of the world was called “aether” from being burned; but some say it to be named thus from always shining.

Nat. d. 30.22 ὁ δὲ θρίαμβος ἀπὸ τοῦ θροεῖν καὶ ἰαμβίζειν τὴν κλῆσιν ἔλαχεν

And the triumph obtained its designation from crying aloud and lampooning

Diatr. 3.24.110 εἶτ᾽ ἀντὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν διαχύσεων ἐκείνην ἀντείσαγε, τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ παρακολουθεῖν, ὅτι πείθῃ τῷ θεῷ

Then, instead of all other relaxations, you must introduce that (one), the (one) from understanding, that you obey God

The desired source of relaxation is knowing one’s obedience to God. This could be expanded to have a verb and be labeled causal, but the source/cause semantic is close.

Diatr. 4.11.11 ἀμήχανον ἦν ἀπὸ τοῦ τρώγειν μὴ ῥυπαρόν τι προσμένειν τοῖς ὀδοῦσι

Something filthy from eating not remaining on the teeth was impractical.

This clause also modifies a substantive, so source may be the better label. The causal nuance cannot be denied, though.

Cf. Polyb.; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Diod. 4.7.4 [9x]; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap.

2. Separation (Spatial)

Definition

The infinitive indicates departure from a state or activity or the decision to stay away from something in the present or future time.

Translation Aids

Some key phrases for this function are “away from” or “out of.”

Clarification

This is a lexically based category where the modified word (often a verb) implies motion away from or distance from another action.

“Separation” can be similar to “Source,” but the latter stresses the cause or origin of the action, while this category emphasizes the resultant state or action.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

*1 Macc 4:16 καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν ’Ιουδας καὶ ἡ δύναμις ἀπὸ τοῦ διώκειν ὄπισθεν αὐτῶν

and Judas and the army turned from pursuing after them

Greek:

Diatr. 1.3.1 πῶς ἄν τις ἀπὸ τοῦ τὸν θεὸν πατέρα εἶναι τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ τὰ ἑξῆς ἐπέλθοι

How someone may travel from God being father of men toward the (things) following

Even within logic, this is moving from one point to another. He is leaving the first point, being separated from it.

Diatr. 1.9.1 πῶς ἀπὸ τοῦ συγγενεῖς ἡμᾶς εἶναι τῷ θεῷ ἐπέλθοι ἄν τις ἐπὶ τὰ ἑξῆς

How someone may travel from us being relatives to God toward the (things) following

Diatr. 1.28.3 πάθε ἢ ἀπόπαθε ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀρτίους εἶναι τοὺς ἀστέρας.

Feel or reject from the stars being perfectly numbered.

Diatr. 2.9.21 ἀσυμπαθεῖς πρὸς τὸν λόγον, μακρὰν ἀπὸ τοῦ χρῆσθαι τούτοις ἃ λέγομεν

unaffected by reason, far from using these (things) which we speak

3. Means

Definition

The infinitival form describes the instrumental action that accomplishes the main verb. The infinitive is a separate action that leads to the accomplishment of the main verb. If the means infinitive is removed, the point of the main verb is absent.

Translation Aids

The most common way to introduce an instrumental sense is by inserting “by” before the infinitive.

Clarification

Just as purpose infinitives answer “Why?” so means infinitives answer the question “How?” One should also distinguish means from manner. The latter is typically abstract and merely adds color to the verb. It involves an accompanying attitude or emotion. Means infinitives describe the instrumental action that is necessary to accomplish the main verb. The final, and perhaps most difficult, distinction to make is between means and causal infinitives. “It is not always easy or possible to draw a line between the instrumental and the causal use of the dative infinitive, which sometimes expresses what may be looked upon either as the cause or the means.” Ideally, means is instrumental and at least contains some type of simultaneous action to the main verb. Causal infinitives are antecedent in time and provide the basis or reason for which the state of the verb is true or the action of the verb is done.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Greek:

*Nat. d. 14.11 Τερψιχόρη δὲ διὰ τὸ τέρπεσθαι καὶ χαίρειν αὐτοὺς τὸ πλεῖστον μέρος τοῦ βίου ἢ διὰ τὸ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὁρᾶσθαι παρέχειν τέρψιν τοῖς προσπελάζουσιν αὐτοῖς

And Terpsichore (is one of the Muses [cf. v. 8]) because of them enjoying themselves and rejoicing for the greater part of life or because of offering delight to those approaching them even from/by being seen.

The line between cause and means is thin, but the passive sense of the infinitive seems to side with cause. It is hard for an entity to “use” an action about itself in the passive. It is easier just to call this “cause.”

διὰ τοῦ + Infinitive -19-

1. Duration of Time

Definition

The infinitive states an action will occur throughout an entire period. There is no indication of when the period begins and ends, but the entire timeframe is in view.

Translation Aids

Some words or phrases to emphasize this function are “throughout” or “during.”

Clarification

This category is similar to “Indefinite Temporal,” but the latter claims an action will continue until a certain point in the future (relative to verb), and the action may have already begun. Expressions that discuss the duration of time take a more general approach, focusing on the entire period within which the action of the infinitive occurs. In addition, the provided key words are similar to those supplied for “Contemporaneous Time,” but the reader must remember the focus here is on a time period, not simultaneity of occurrences.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Let. Arist. 1:130 διότι κακοῖς ὁμιλήσαντες διαστροφὰς ἐπιλαμβάνουσιν ἄνθρωποι, καὶ ταλαίπωροι δι᾽ ὅλου τοῦ ζῇν εἰσιν·

because men take hold of distortions, associating with evil things, and they are miserable throughout the whole of living

Let. Arist. 1:141 τοῖς δὲ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ἐν οὐδενὶ ταῦτα λελόγισται, περὶ δὲ τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ δυναστείας δι᾽ ὅλου τοῦ ζῇν ἡ σκέψις αὐτοῖς

but their speculation throughout the whole of living is concerning the lordship of God

Let. Arist. 1:168 ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα δι᾽ ὅλου τοῦ ζῇν καὶ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσιν ἀσκῶμεν δικαιοσύνην πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους

but in order that throughout the whole of living we may also practice righteousness in our practices to all men

2. Means

Definition

Translation Aids

The most common way to introduce an instrumental sense is by inserting “by” before the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Spec. 1.207 διὰ δὲ τοῦ τοὺς πόδας ἀπολούεσθαι τὸ μηκέτι βαίνειν ἐπὶ γῆς, ἀλλ᾽ αἰθεροβατεῖν·

And through the feet being washed (is intimated) walking no longer on land, but treading the air.

The next example contains the verb supplied here based on meaning and context.

Praem. 1.17 αἰνίττεται δὲ ἐναργῶς διὰ μὲν τῆς μεταθέσεως τὴν ἀποικίαν, διὰ δὲ τοῦ μὴ εὑρίσκεσθαι τὴν μόνωσιν·

And he intimates clearly the migration through the removal and the solitude through not being found.

A.J. 7.62 ὡς διὰ τοῦ ταύτην ἑλεῖν εὐθὺς ἐμφανίζων τὴν ἰσχὺν

so as demonstrating power through seizing this (city)

C. Ap. 1.229 διὰ τοῦ φάναι γράψειν τὰ μυθευόμενα καὶ λεγόμενα περὶ τῶν Ἰουδαίων λόγους ἀπιθάνους παρενέβαλεν

he inserted unbelievable words through appearing to write myths and spoken things about the Jews

Greek:

Nat. d. 6.6 ἣν καὶ διὰ τοῦ περιστερᾶς καὶ ἰχθύος ἀπέχεσθαι τιμῶσι

which also they honor through keeping away from the dove and fish

Nat. d. 16.20 ὡς χρήσιμόν τι τὸ παρ’ αὑτὸν ἑκάστου καὶ κοινωνικὸν ποιοῦντος διὰ τοῦ καθαίρειν τὴν ὁδὸν

as each one by himself doing something useful and common through cleansing the road

*Nat. d. 28.12 ὅν τρόπον τρίβεται καῖ διακρίνεται διὰ τοῦ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἀναρριπτεῖσθαι ἀπὸ τῶν ἀχύρων

how it is rubbed and separated from the husks through being thrown up into the air

Nat. d. 32.5 καὶ γὰρ τὸν ἀπολλύντα ταύτην τὴν διακόσμησιν τοῦτον εἶναι διὰ τοῦ διατμίζειν ἀδιαλείπτως πάντοθεν αὐτῆς τὸ ὑγρὸν καὶ τῷ αἰθέρι προσκατατάττειν

for even this one being the one destroying this world order through evaporating the moisture constantly from it everywhere and attaching (it) to the aether

Diatr. 2.24.3 οὐκοῦν ὁ μὲν διὰ τοῦ λέγειν αὐτός τε ὠφελούμενος καὶ ἄλλους οἷός τε ὢν ὠφελεῖν οὗτος ἐμπείρως ἂν λέγοι

Then indeed the one himself benefitting through speaking and being able to benefit others, this (one) would speak with experience.

Ign. Pol. 7:1 κἀγὼ εὐθυμότερος ἐγενόμην ἐν ἀμεριμνίᾳ θεοῦ ἐάνπερ διὰ τοῦ παθεῖν θεοῦ ἐπιτύχω

I also am the more encouraged in the freedom from stress from God, if through suffering I may reach God.

ἐκ τοῦ + Infinitive

The following examples of this structure were not categorized because of fragmentary or corrupt texts and/or sufficient lack of clarity regarding syntactical functions: Polyb.; Meg.; Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Tob; 1 Macc; 2 Macc; Ps; Sir; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa; Amat. narr.; Geogr. 1.1.3; Diod.; 1 En.; Sib. Or.; 3 Bar.; T. Reu.; T. Sim.; T. Levi; T. Jud.; T. Iss.; T. Zeb.; T. Dan; T. Naph.; T. Gad; T. Ash.; T. Jos.; T. Benj.; T. Ab.; Let. Aris.; Jub.; Jos. Asen.; Apoc. Mos.; Liv. Pro.; 4 Bar.; 3 Macc.; 4 Macc.; Pss. Sol.; Opif.; Abr.; Ios.; Mos.; Decal.; Spec.; Virt.; Praem.; Exsecr.; Nat. d.; A.J.; C. Ap.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. .

1. Cause (Reason)

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Liv. Pro. 4:11 καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ἦσαν ὡς κρέας ἐκ τοῦ κλαίειν.

And his eyes were as raw flesh from crying.

*Abr. 1.151 τεκμηριώσαιτο δ᾽ ἄν τις ἐκ τοῦ συμμεταβάλλειν ταῖς ἐκείνης τροπαῖς·

and someone may prove (this) positively from (eyesight’s) changing with phases of that one (i.e., the soul)

Spec. 4.29 ἵν᾽ ἐκ τοῦ παθεῖν μάθῃ τὰς πρώτας τῶν πραγμάτων ἐνστάσεις εὖ μάλα φυλάττεσθαι

in order that from suffering he may learn to guard especially well the first beginnings of the things

This gives the Why he would learn something, not the How? but it is close

Praem. 1.105 ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τοῦ βαρῦναι τὴν ἀνίαν σφοδρότερον, ἥτις ἐκ τοῦ στέρεσθαι κατὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον ἕπεται.

but in order that exceeding sorrow may press (him), which follows out of necessity from being robbed

A.J. 4.13 ἐρρύσατο τῶν ἐκ τοῦ στασιάζειν αὐτοῖς ἂν γενομένων δεινῶν εἰ μὴ προενόησε

He rescued (them) from the dangers that would occur from rebelling unless he cared for (them).

A.J. 5.183 προσγενομένων δὲ πλειόνων τῶν συναγωνιζομένων ἐκ τοῦ μὴ διαμαρτεῖν περὶ τὰ πρῶτα τῆς ἐπιχειρήσεως

but when many of those fighting came together, from (him) not failing in the former attack

Greek:

Polyb. 1.69.8 καὶ λαμβανόμενοι βραχείας ἀφορμῆς ἐκ τοῦ τὸν Γέσκωνα τὰ μὲν ὀψώνια διαλύειν τὰς δὲ τιμὰς τοῦ τε σίτου καὶ τῶν ἵππων ὑπερτίθεσθαι

and taking brief opportunity from Gesko on one hand releasing (their) salaries but omitting the prices of the grain and the horses

One could see the infinitives as modifying ἀφορμῆς and functioning as a sort of source. I have placed it here as modifying the participle, giving the cause of the men being able to take such an opportunity.

Polyb. 4.47.1 μεγάλης δὲ γενομένης τῆς ἀλυσιτελείας καὶ δυσχρηστίας πᾶσιν ἐκ τοῦ τέλος πράττειν τοὺς Βυζαντίους τῶν ἐξαγομένων ἐκ τοῦ Πόντου

and damage and inconvenience becoming great for all from the Byzantines doing a tax on those (things) being led away from Pontus

Geogr. 3.3.8 τὸ δὲ δυσήμερον καὶ ἀγριῶδες οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ πολεμεῖν συμβέβηκε μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὸν ἐκτοπισμόν

Now the tameless and wild (nature) does not occur from making war only but also because of migration.

Diod. 1.76.2 ἐκ δὲ τοῦ γράφειν τὰ δίκαια τοὺς ἀντιδίκους ᾤοντο τὰς κρίσεις ἀκριβεῖς ἔσεσθαι, γυμνῶν τῶν πραγμάτων θεωρουμένων.

And they were expecting the judgments to be precise from opponents of a lawsuit writing the requirements, observing bare facts.

Ness. (60) 5 ὁ δὲ Ἡρακλῆς ὑπονοήσας μηδὲν ὑγιὲς τὸν Κένταυρον λέγειν ἐκ τοῦ διαλέγεσθαι πρὸς τὴν Δηιάνεραν ἐπιμελῶς

but Heracles, judging the Centaur to say nothing sound from arguing with Deïaneria anxiously

Chaer. 4.7.4 ἀγαθὴν ἔχων ψυχὴν ἐκ τοῦ μηδὲν ἀδικεῖν ἂν δόξαι

having a good spirit from supposing to suffer nothing

Cf. Polyb. 3.17.4; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Geogr. 1.4.4; 2.5.14 [4x]; 2.5.43; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid. 22; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

Mos. 1.63 γενόμενος οὖν τῶν καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἀγελαρχῶν ἄριστος καὶ ποριστὴς τῶν ὅσα πρὸς τὴν τῶν θρεμμάτων συνέτεινεν ὠφέλειαν ἱκανὸς ἐκ τοῦ μηδὲν ἀποκνεῖν ἀλλ᾽ ἐθελουργῷ καὶ αὐτοκελεύστῳ προθυμίᾳ εἰς δέον τῇ προστασίᾳ χρῆσθαι·

Then, becoming the best of any leader and provider of that which tended to the sufficient advantage of the cattle from never hesitating but using willing and self-motivated desire as is necessary in leadership

These two examples are very close between means and cause. Does the infinitive answer why he became the best or how he became the best? Probably the latter.

Spec. 2.68 ἐκ δὲ τοῦ τοὺς μὲν ἐλευθέρους ὑπομεῖναί ποτε τὰς δούλων ὑπηρεσίας, τοῖς δ᾽ οἰκέταις ἐγγενέσθαι μετασχεῖν ἀδείας, συμβήσεται τὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίον ἐπιδοῦναι πρὸς ἀρετὴν τελειοτάτην, (or means)

And from the free men at times bearing the tasks of servants, and from sharing freedom being for servants, the life of men advancing toward perfect virtue will occur.

No agent is really expressed. Cause is the broader category and answers Why?, but Means answers How? I have it labeled as M with possibility of Cause.

This seems more to offer the path of becoming one of the best.

2. Means

Definition

Translation Aids

The most common way to introduce an instrumental sense is by inserting “by” before the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

*Mos. 2.266 τὸ δὲ τεράστιον οὐ μόνον ἐκ τοῦ διπλασιασθῆναι τὴν τροφὴν ἐδηλοῦτο οὐδ᾽ ἐκ τοῦ διαμεῖναι σῷον παρὰ τὸ καθεστὼς ἔθος, ἀλλὰ κἀκ τοῦ ἀμφότερα ταῦτα συμβῆναι κατὰ τὴν ἕκτην ἡμέραν

and the miraculous was demonstrated, not only from the food being doubled neither from remaining safe contrary to usual custom, but also from both these things occurring on the sixth day

Spec. 1.51 καὶ πάντας τοὺς ὁμοιοτρόπους εἴτ᾽ οὖν φύντας ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἴτε καὶ ἐκ τοῦ μεταβάλλεσθαι πρὸς τὴν ἀμείνω τάξιν κρείττους γεγονότας ἀποδέχεται

And he receives all persons of similar dispositions, whether growing from beginning, or whether having become better by changing toward the brave order

Spec. 4.60 δηλοῦται δ᾽ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ παραδέχεσθαι ματαίαν ἀκοὴν καὶ ἕτερόν τι τῷ προτέρῳ συνᾷδον

and something else is also revealed by “not receiving idle report” which agrees with the former

A.J. 3.276 μήτε δούλην μήτ᾽ αἰχμάλωτον γαμεῖν αὐτοὺς κεκώλυκε καὶ τὰς ἐκ καπηλείας καὶ τοῦ πανδοκεύειν πεπορισμένας τὸν βίον

He has forbad them from marrying neither slave nor captive and those having prepared life from tavern-keeping or keeping inns

A.J. 3.308 μήτε ψευδολογίαν κατακρίνειν τοῦ θεοῦ μήτε πιστεύειν τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ μὴ τἀληθῆ περὶ τῶν Χαναναίων εἰρηκέναι καταπληξαμένοις

neither to condemn God as a liar, neither to believe those who frightened (them) by having not spoken truth concerning the Canaanites

Greek:

Polyb. 5.31.3 ἱκανὴν τοῖς φιλομαθοῦσι πεπείσμεθα παρασκευάζειν ἐμπειρίαν ἐκ τοῦ τὰς ἑκάστων ἀρχὰς καὶ συντελείας παρυπομιμνήσκειν

we are confident to prepare sufficient acquaintance for those learning from recording the beginnings and endings of each

Geogr. 1.1.7 Ποσειδώνιος δὲ καὶ ἐκ τοῦ σκοπέλους λέγειν τοτὲ μὲν καλυπτομένους τοτὲ δὲ γυμνουμένους καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ποταμὸν φάναι τὸν ὠκεανὸν εἰκάζει τὸ ῥοῶδες αὐτοῦ τὸ περὶ τὰς πλημμυρίδας ἐμφανίζεσθαι.

And Posidonius also conjectures its flow concerning tides to be revealed by (Homer) saying headlands then sometimes covered and other times bare and by revealing the ocean as a river.

Diod. 1.8.3 τῆς φωνῆς δ᾽ ἀσήμου καὶ συγκεχυμένης οὔσης ἐκ τοῦ κατ᾽ ὀλίγον διαρθροῦν τὰς λέξεις καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους τιθέντας σύμβολα περὶ ἑκάστου τῶν ὑποκειμένων γνώριμον σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ποιῆσαι τὴν περὶ ἁπάντων ἑρμηνείαν.

And (though) the noise being unintelligible and confounded, from articulating the speech little by little and placing symbols to one another concerning each of the (things) presented, making interpretation concerning all things (was) made known to them by themselves.

The infinitive modifies an implied equative verb. This is somewhat odd to me for some reason. It more modifies the clause as a whole.

Diod. 1.76.1 νομίζοντας ἐκ μὲν τοῦ λέγειν τοὺς συνηγόρους πολλὰ τοῖς δικαίοις ἐπισκοτήσειν:

(the Egyptians) supposing the advocates to darken righteous (things) from indeed speaking many (things)

3. Separation (Spatial)

Definition

The infinitive indicates departure from a state or activity or the decision to stay away from something in the present or future time.

Translation Aids

Some key phrases for this function are “away from” or “out of.”

Clarification

This is a lexically based category where the modified word (often a verb) implies motion away from or distance from another action.

“Separation” can be similar to “Source,” but the latter stresses the cause or origin of the action, while this category emphasizes the resultant state or action.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Tob 14:3 ἰδοὺ γεγήρακα καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἀποτρέχειν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν εἰμι

Behold, I have grown old, and I am towards departing from living.

2 Macc 7:9 σὺ μέν ἀλάστωρ ἐκ τοῦ παρόντος ἡμᾶς ζῆν ἀπολύεις

Indeed, you, accursed wretch, release us from currently living.

Let. Aris. 1:273 πάντες δὲ ἀγωνιοῦνται περὶ τῶν εὐεργετημάτων, εἰδότες, κἄν ἐκ τοῦ ζῇν ἀποτρέχωσιν, ἐπιμελητήν σε τῶν βίων.

And all are fighting concerning services done, knowing you as manager of their livelihoods, even if they depart from living.

A.J. 2.150 καὶ κακὴν αὐτῷ ποιήσει τὴν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν ἀπαλλαγήν

and (it) will make the departure from living miserable for him

A.J. 9.179 νῦν δ᾽ ἀπιέναι μὲν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν καταλείπειν δ᾽ ἐξωπλισμένον τοῖς Σύροις καὶ τοῖς ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν πολεμίοις

but now indeed him being away from living and leaving (him) unarmed before the Syrians and the enemies from them

Greek:

Polyb. 2.21.2 ἐπεὶ δ᾽ οἱ μὲν αὐτόπται γεγονότες τῶν δεινῶν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν ἐξεχώρησαν διὰ τὸν χρόνον

and since indeed those having become eyewitnesses of the terrible (things) departed from living because of time

Diod. 2.57.5 μεθιστάνειν ἑαυτὸν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν ἀναγκάζουσι κατά τινα νόμον ἀπότομον.

They urge (him) to remove himself from living according to a severe law.

Diod. 4.55.1 διὸ καὶ μὴ δυνάμενον ἐνεγκεῖν τὸ μέγεθος τῆς συμφορᾶς ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν ἑαυτὸν μεταστῆσαι.

Therefore not even being able to bear the greatness of the affliction to remove himself from living.

Diatr. 2.15.10 ἄνευ πάσης αἰτίας ἐξάγεις ἡμῖν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν

Without any reason you are releasing for us a man from living.

Ign. Eph. 17:1 μὴ αἰχμαλωτίσῃ ὑμᾶς ἐκ τοῦ προκειμένου ζῆν

He must not take you captive from the living set before (you).

4. Source

Definition

Translation Aids

Some common phrases used to make this nuance explicit are “out of, derived from, dependent on.”

Clarification

Allen and Hewlett give examples of source of knowledge, advantage, and disadvantage.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Mos. 1.42 αὖθις ἐκ περιτροπῆς ἐπετίθεντο φέρουσαί τι πάντως ἐκ τοῦ διαπνεῦσαι καινὸν κακὸν ἀργαλεώτερον τῶν προτέρων.

again from turning, they lay upon (them), bringing something always from the breathing, some new evil more painful than the former ones.

Greek:

Polyb. 3.63.4–5 εἶναι δ᾽ ἐκ μὲν τοῦ νικᾶν ἆθλον οὐχ ἵππους καὶ σάγους ἀλλὰ τὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων γενέσθαι μακαριωτάτους, κρατήσαντας τῆς Ῥωμαίων εὐδαιμονίας, 5ἐκ δὲ τοῦ μαχομένους τι παθεῖν

and prize from conquering indeed being not horses or cloaks, but being most blessed of all men, (if) seizing the prosperity of Romans, but (the prize) of suffering something (being) fighting

This fits the ones below. Basically, this category is causal modifying nouns.

Avar. (17) 12 τὰς ἐκ τοῦ πλεονεκτεῖν βλάβας, οἶμαι, καὶ ζημίας λογιζόμενος

considering, I suppose, the damages and injuries from surpassing

I think causal should modify verbs.

Rhod. (31) 130 τοῖς δέ γε τῆς εἰκόνος ἀφθαιρεθεῖσιν ἐκ τοῦ τετιμῆσθαι πρότερον οὐδ’ ὁτιοῦν περίεστι δίχα γε τῆς ὑβρεως καὶ τῆς ἀτιμίας

But to those who were robbed of the image, nothing whatsoever remains from having been honored formerly except the insult and dishonor.

This has a partitive nuance somewhat.

Conc. Apam. (40) 25 τὴν ἐκ τοῦ διαφέρεσθαί τισι βλάβην μείζονα ἡγουμένους τῆς παρὰ τὰς διαλύσεις ζημίας

considering the damage from arguing with someone (as) greater than the loss from separating

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

Spec. 4.40 ὅ τε γὰρ κλέπτης ὑπὸ τοῦ συνειδότος ἐλεγχόμενος ἀρνεῖται καὶ ψεύδεται, δεδιὼς τὰς ἐκ τοῦ ὁμολογῆσαι τιμωρίας

for the thief being examined by the conscience denies and lies, fearing the punishment from confessing

The punishment comes as a result of his confession, so this has a causal element, but it clearly modifies the noun in a vanilla descriptive way.

5. Distinction

Definition

The following infinitive contains an activity which is contrasted with another. There is a division between two or more actions.

Translation Aids

One should insert “between” before the first infinitive, while a connective conjunction precedes the remaining items in the series.

Clarification

For the following example, the basis of the distinction is not made, but the subject is instructed to maintain a distinction between two activities.

Clear Examples

Greek:

Polyb. 3.109.9 λαμβάνοντες πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ λείπεσθαι καὶ τοῦ νικᾶν διαφορὰν καὶ τὰ συνεξακολουθοῦντα τούτοις

taking before (your) eyes the distinction between abandoning and conquering and the (things) following these

ἐπὶ τοῦ + Infinitive

1. Contemporaneous Time

Definition

ἐπί with the genitive can be used multiple ways, including spatially (on, in, among, in presence of), temporally (usually contemporaneous), or causally (cf. LSJ, 621; BDAG, 363–67).

These temporal infinitives present an action that occurs simultaneously with the main verb. This does not indicate the action still occurs; it merely gives time relative to the verb.

Translation Aids

One can include “while, when, during” before the infinitive.

Clarification

Allen and Hewlett were able to make a distinction between antecedent and contemporaneous time for infinitives with ἅμα based on the tense of the infinitive. With the aorist, the infinitive introduces an event that has just occurred in the immediate past. I have maintained their categorization, as some examples must have occurred in the past. However, one could broaden the temporal boundaries and claim some occurred “during” the time of the main verb. This is especially true when the action or state of the main verb occurs is iterative or even gnomic.

Clear Examples

Greek:

Nat. d. 25.2 Ἔρωτα δ’ αὐτὸν εἰρῆσθαι πιθανὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπιζητήσεως τῶν ἐρωμένων· τάττεται γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῦ ζητεῖν τὸ ἐρεῖν

Now him being called Eros is persuasive from the searching for lovers; for loving is appointed/established during the seeking.

This could be causal, in that loving is established on the basis of or because of seeking, but the emphasis seems to be that the journey provokes love. The two are intertwined temporally, while causal structures typically seem farther removed.

Diatr. 4.6.15 καίτοι οὔτ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῦ παλαίειν οὔτ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῦ γράφειν ἢ ἀναγιγνώσκειν ἀρκοῦμαι τῷ μαθεῖν

Although neither when wrestling nor when writing or reading am I satisfied with learning

μετὰ τοῦ + Infinitive

1. Association

Definition

The infinitive provides an accompanying action, circumstance, attitude, or emotion to that of the main verb. That is, two events are joined together either by a temporal or logical connection.

Translation Aids

One can insert “along with, together with” before the infinitive to notice this function.

Clarification

One should consciously make a distinction between “Addition” and “Association.” For the former, the infinitive gives the primary, basic action, while the main verb offers a secondary, additional action. For “Association,” that pattern is reversed (cf. A.J. 2.292). The Egyptians’ being tested is the primary action, after which they also had to endure the Hebrews’ being released. “Addition” would mark the Hebrews’ leaving as the first action. Sometimes this distinction is unclear, and I have not attempted to define this category more strongly based on so few examples. In sum, these infinitives are labeled “Association” so that the reader views the infinitive and main as united in some fashion. They are not always simultaneous actions, but there is a loose connection between them.

When a personal subject is joined with qualities or circumstances, the infinitive most likely carries a manner idea. The Greek example below (Leuc. Clit. 4.8.6) most likely offers the manner with which the main verb is accomplished. This is similar to “Means,” but the latter describes the instrument used to perform the main verb. For manner, the infinitive gives the attitude or emotion.

μετά is rarely used with the genitive for time (LSJ, 1109). BDAG (637) emphasizes the notion of association or accompaniment in occurrence.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 2.292 πειραθήσεσθαί τε τούτων Αἰγυπτίους ἔφασκε μετὰ καὶ τοῦ τὸν Ἑβραίων λαὸν ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν ἀκόντων ἐκείνων

and he said for the Egyptians to be tested by these things also with the people of Hebrews departing from their region against their will

The above example has a contemporaneous time element, though it is more likely for the Egyptians to experience the plagues along with the Hebrew leaving against their will. This is an accompanying circumstance which makes the initial judgment even worse.

Greek:

Leuc. Clit. 4.8.6 ἔστω δὲ καὶ ἰσχύς, ὥστε τι δρᾶσαι μετὰ τοῦ μὴ παθεῖν

and he must also be strong, so as to accomplish something with no suffering

Suffering is not a means which is lacking, but an attitude or accompanying circumstance. Therefore, it is not instrumental separation/subtraction. On the other hand, it is not a second action being joined to the main verb (infinitive). Rather, it is the circumstance accompanying the subject while doing something. This is manner.

2. Addition

Definition

The infinitival clause provides a primary, basic action to which the main clause adds a secondary or accompanying action.

Translation Aids

The two translation helps to insert for this function are “in addition to” or “besides.”

Clarification

One distinction to make is between Exception and Addition infinitives. The two pragmatic categories would appear to be polar opposites to one another, but this is only the case when the independent clause is positive. When the main clause is negated, the two functions mean the same thing.

a. “They did not accomplish anything except for resisting.”

b. “They did not accomplish anything in addition to resisting.”

In both cases, the subjects were only able to resist.

c. “They accomplished everything except for conquering.”

They were close to meeting their goal, but they did not quite make it.

d. “They accomplished everything in addition to conquering.”

Conquering was easy, but they also did other things.

For this project, I have labeled all negative clauses as exception, reserving the term “Addition” for positive statements that are distinct from exceptions.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Spec. 4.169 οὐχ ἵνα πολυετῆ ζωὴν αὐτῷ χαρίσηται μετὰ τοῦ τὰ κοινὰ πρυτανεύειν

not in order that he might give lengthened life to him together with regulating common things

The association idea is still here, but the basic, primary idea is the infinitival clause, while the main clause adds something extra. Two things are joined together in association. The indirect object is receiving both lengthened life and the power to regulate commonwealth. This use is similar to Addition. “He might give lengthen life in addition to the regulation of common things.”

περὶ τοῦ + Infinitive

1. Reference/Epexegetical

Definition

“Epexegetical” describes the aspect of these infinitives that explains, clarifies, or further defines a modified word, either noun or adjective. “Reference” more naturally describes those infinitives modifying adjectives, in that they provide the realm or manner in which the adjective’s head noun can be described as such. This category has been labeled as infinitives “limiting nouns and/or adjectives,” indicating the infinitive somehow limits the range of meaning for the noun or adjective.

“Epexegetical” describes the aspect of these infinitives that explains, clarifies, or further defines the state or action of the verb. “Reference” indicates these infinitives qualify a statement that would otherwise not be true. They provide the realm within which the main clause is accurate.

Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “of,” “for,” “with reference to,” “about.” In addition, the traditional “to X” translation for infinitives is often appropriate.

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “with reference to,” “regarding,” or “about.”

Clarification

I have combined both substantives and verbs under this heading. Should I split them?

These infinitives qualify a description, clarify an ambiguous term, or explain how a word should be understood. Typically, the modified word indicates “ability, authority, desire, freedom, hope, need, obligation, or readiness.” Votaw adds words of ability, fitness, and time. The adverbs included in this section are primarily spatial (e.g., “far” or “near” to something). Allen lists the following nouns and one passage where they are found in Polybius: ἀδυναμία (15.34.5); αἰτία (2.38.9); ἀρχή (22.8.8); ἀρχηγός (2.38.9); ἀφορμή (3.69.8); βεβαιωτής (2.40.2); ἐμπόδιον (18.22.4); ἔννοια (15.1.12); ἐξουσία (3.29.7); ἐπιβολή (5.62.7); ἐπιμέλεια (6.35.12); ἔτος (12.16.12); καταρχή (15.33.1); κυρία (6.15.6); λόγος (18.15.15); ὁρμή (15.4.8); παράδειγμα (5.111.7); παράπτωσις (12.25.10); πεῖρα (8.9.6); πρόληψις (16.32.4); πρόνοια (11.2.10); πρόφασις (3.108.5); σημεῖον (23.13.1); συνήθεια (2.20.8); σύνθημα (8.27.3); τέλος (4.57.11); χρόνος (3.112.5). He only found four adjectives, the most common of which is αἴτιος (e.g., 1.43.8; 1.57.7; 9.3.9; 13.4.8; 21.13.10; 23.14.6; 24.11.1; 27.15.1) The other three adjectives are only used once (ἀλλότριος, 21.11.2; ἄπειρος, 39.9.12; κύριος, 29.9.9).

In the regular case system, the dative of reference presents something as true. “An author will use this dative to qualify a statement that would otherwise typically not be true.” The reference aspect of these infinitives can easily be confused with another function of “sphere” or “location.” Wallace advises to focus on the context of the passage and the author’s intent, for the two ideas sometimes carry opposite nuances (cf. ExSyn, 145, for a biblical example; Eph 2:1 and Rom 6:2). “In general, it is safe to say that the dative of reference views the word to which the dative stands related as detached or separated somehow from the dative, while the dative of sphere views the word to which the dative stands related as incorporated within the realm of the dative.” For infinitives, I have attempted to maintain a similar distinction. Epexegetical or reference infinitives are “separate” from the modified word, in that they clarify how the word is to be understood. “Location” infinitives (see below) offer a realm or sphere in which the activity of the main verb occurs.

Epexegetical or reference infinitive more commonly modify substantives or adjectives, but these infinitives further explain either an adjectival nuance of the main verb or qualify the verb to make it accurate.

Originally (and traditionally), the examples with δύναμαι were placed in a separate category of “complementary infinitives.” These are typically defined as infinitives that supplement or complete the main verb to form a single predicate idea. These are distinct from direct objects, in that they are necessary for the verb to convey a complete idea. Boyer follows the traditional route of widening the categories of verbs under this type of infinitive (e.g., will or desire, pleasing, shaming, seeking, beginning, fearing, allowing, finding, owing). However, some of these can take regular direct objects or function intransitively and do not demand an infinitive. As a result, the only verb I had listed with genitive articular complementary infinitives was δύναμαι. One could correctly argue, though, that “being able” focuses on an adjectival idea, and the infinitive should thus be epexegetical to the verb. This finds support in places where δύναμαι is used intransitively without an infinitive (though one could easily be supplied from the context; cf. LSJ, 452). Therefore, the few examples of δύναμαι with a genitive articular infinitive (which happen to occur only in sources of Jewish background) have been listed here, implying the infinitive does not have to be viewed as completing the verb but offers an explanation of the subject’s ability.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 41:32 περὶ δὲ τοῦ δευτερῶσαι τὸ ἐνύπνιον Φαραω δίς ὅτι ἀληθὲς ἔσται τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ

And concerning repeating the dream to Pharaoh twice, because the word which is from God will be true

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

4 Macc. 4:22 ἤκουσέν τε ὅτι φήμης διαδοθείσης περὶ τοῦ τεθνάναι αὐτὸν ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα χαίροιεν οἱ Ιεροσολυμῖται ταχέως ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἀνέζευξεν

and (he) heard that the people of Jerusalem were rejoicing greatly as one because of a report being passed concerning him dying, he immediately marched against them.

Ios. 1.106 μαντεύεται εἶπεν ἡ ψυχή μου περὶ τοῦ μὴ εἰς ἅπαν ἀσαφείᾳ τοὺς ὀνείρους ἐπισκιασθήσεσθαι·

He said, My soul prophecies concerning (my) dreams not being hidden forever in obscurity.

Decal. 1.51 ἡ μὲν οὖν ἀμείνων πεντὰς τοιάδε ἦν· περὶ μοναρχίας, ᾗ μοναρχεῖται ὁ κόσμος· περὶ ξοάνων καὶ ἀγαλμάτων καὶ συνόλως ἀφιδρυμάτων χειροκμήτων· περὶ τοῦ μὴ λαμβάνειν ἐπὶ ματαίῳ θεοῦ πρόσρησιν· περὶ τοῦ τὴν ἱερὰν ἑβδόμην ἄγειν ἱεροπρεπῶς· περὶ γονέων τιμῆς καὶ ἰδίᾳ ἑκατέρου καὶ ἀμφοτέρων κοινῇ·

Then indeed the five best were as such: concerning monarchy, by which the world is ruled; concerning images and statues and altogether images made with hands; concerning not taking an address of God in vanity; concerning leading the holy seventh reverently; concerning honor of parents both to each separately and to both commonly.

Spec. 4.36 ὀμνύναι δ᾽ ἀναγκαῖον ἐπανήκοντι περὶ τοῦ μὴ ἐπισκιάζειν ἐψευσμένῳ θανάτῳ νοσφισμὸν ἄδικον

but after returning, swearing (is) necessary concerning not concealing an unjust absence by a falsely proclaimed death

A.J. 4.253 γυναικὸς δὲ τῆς συνοικούσης βουλόμενος διαζευχθῆναι … γράμμασι μὲν περὶ τοῦ μηδέποτε συνελθεῖν ἰσχυριζέσθω

the one desiring to be separated from living with his wife … indeed he must persist with a letter concerning no longer gathering together

C. Ap. 2.237 περί γε τοῦ μήτε χλευάζειν μήτε βλασφημεῖν τοὺς νομιζομένους θεοὺς παρ᾽ ἑτέροις ἄντικρυς ἡμῖν ὁ νομοθέτης ἀπείρηκεν

indeed the legislator has expressly forbidden us concerning neither scoffing at nor slandering those that are considered gods by others

Greek:

Polyb. 3.21.4 περὶ μὲν Ἰβηρίας οὐκ ἔφασαν ὑπάρχειν ἔγγραφον οὐδέν, περὶ δὲ τοῦ τοῖς ἑκατέρων συμμάχοις τὴν παρ᾽ ἀμφοῖν ἀσφάλειαν εἶναι ῥητῶς κατατετάχθαι.

On one hand concerning Iberia they said nothing to be written, but concerning security between both being to the allies of each having been arranged precisely.

Geogr. 11.7.4 Πολύκλειτος δὲ καὶ πίστεις προφέρεται περὶ τοῦ λίμνην εἶναι τὴν θάλατταν ταύτην

and Polycleitus also brings forth proofs concerning this sea being a lake

P. Oxy. 44.11–16 ἀντιγράψαντος οὖν αὐτοῦ μοι περὶ τοῦ … [ἀνα]κουφίσαι τοὺς τελώνας

then when he replied to me concerning … lifting the taxes

P. Oxy. 3264.15–17 πρὸς τὸ ἐπιδοθὲν Κλαυδίωι Ἡρακλείωι … περὶ τοῦ διεσκεπακέναι αὐτ[ὸν] ἄλλους ἄνδρας ἐννέα ὁμοίως

with reference to what was given to Claudius Heracleius … concerning him (Diogenes) likewise hiding nine other men

Diatr. 3.7.12 καὶ ὅτι πίστιν περὶ τοῦ λαθεῖν λαβεῖν ἀδύνατον

and because taking confidence concerning escaping (is) impossible

Diatr. 4.6.22 ἀλλ᾽ ὃ δεῖ ὑπειληφέναι, ὑπείληφα περὶ τοῦ ἄρχειν καὶ μὴ ἄρχειν.

But what is necessary to suppose, I suppose regarding ruling and not ruling.

Diogn. 3:1 Ἑξῆς δὲ περὶ τοῦ μὴ κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ Ἰουδαίοις θεοσεβεῖν αὐτοὺς οἶμαι σε μάλιστα ποθεῖν ἀκοῦσαι.

And next, I suppose you especially long to hear concerning them not worshipping God in the same (ways) as the Jews.

Cf. Polyb. 1.2.8; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap.

2. Purpose/Advantage

Definition

Infinitives commonly provide the purpose behind the main verb, and Winer comments that the infinitive of purpose is closely related to the complementary infinitive by the element of design (i.e., intention). Boyer likewise comments, “The most natural adverbial use of the infinitive, either articular or anarthrous, is to express the end or direction of an action, whether intentional (purpose) or consequential (result).” For this category, the infinitive not only completes the action but also offers the goal behind that action.

The infinitive provides the positive intent of the action of the modified word.

Translation Aids

Some key phrases that introduce purpose clauses are “in order that/to,” “so that,” or “on behalf of.”

Some helpful phrases for translating these infinitives are “for the benefit of,” “on behalf of,” or “in the interest of.”

Clarification

Votaw makes a distinction between “distinct and specific” and “modified and general” purpose clauses. I have chosen not to maintain this division for simplicity’s sake. In addition, some of this examples in their respective categories should be labeled differently (e.g., epexegetical). Similarly, Allen claims purpose infinitives can occur after adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs, or in free relation to the whole sentence. I would label these as epexegetical, leaving “Purpose” to describe infinitives which function on the clausal level.

As Wallace writes, “Technically, there are really two subgroups that share the idea of movement toward an end … Thus, one kind involves intention, the other mere direction (or sometimes even tendency).” In this project I have made respective categories to match this distinction. This category involves the former, in that the infinitive provides the goal or intended result of the main verb. “Directional Purpose” is another function which describes the direction or spatial goal toward which the subject strives.

The difference between purpose and result is not always clear, though the definitions intend on making them quite distinct. The difficulty comes in the incomplete knowledge of the reader and the ambiguity of the author. The goals of purpose infinitives are often met, which would meet the requirements of “Result.” However, the reader is left to discern the purpose of the author, whether he emphasizes the intent of the action or not. The following patterns were noticed throughout the literature to make this distinction more probable.

This function is a subcategory of “Purpose” infinitives, and the distinction is largely the modified word. Infinitives of purpose function on a clausal level and modify verb forms. Those of advantage are more phrasal in nature, and thus, they modify words or phrases. They are similar to “Reference,” yet the action which they contain is more intentional for the benefit of someone or something else.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Abr. 1.16 πολλὰ μὲν οὖν οἱ νομοθέται, πολλὰ δὲ οἱ πανταχοῦ νόμοι πραγματεύονται περὶ τοῦ τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἐλευθέρων ἐλπίδων χρηστῶν ἀναπλῆσαι·

Then indeed the lawgivers, and the laws everywhere undertake many things concerning filling souls of free men with good hopes.

This is not just reference, but there is a positive intention behind the action.

Virt. 1.18 τοσαύτη δέ τίς ἐστι τῷ νόμῳ σπουδὴ καὶ φιλοτιμία περὶ τοῦ γυμνάσαι καὶ συγκροτῆσαι ψυχὴν πρὸς ἀνδρείαν

And what is such diligence and ambition to the law concerning training and exercising the soul toward manliness

The lexemes of diligence and ambition contain an intentional nuance. Even if it modified the subjects, an idea of advantage would be present.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

3 Macc. 2:32 οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι … οὐ διέστησαν τῆς εὐσεβείας τά τε χρήματα περὶ τοῦ ζῆν ἀντικαταλλασσόμενοι ἀδεῶς ἐπειρῶντο ἑαυτοὺς ῥύσασθαι ἐκ τῶν ἀπογραφῶν

but most … did not separate from worship, and, exchanging their possessions for living, fearlessly sought to rescue themselves from the enrollment

Lexical value of modified participle places this here.

Opif. 1.165 δεξάμεναι τὰ δῶρα θεραπαινίδων τρόπον προσφέρουσιν οἷα δεσπότῃ τῷ λογισμῷ, παράκλητον ἐπαγόμεναι πειθὼ περὶ τοῦ μηδὲν ἀπώσασθαι τὸ παράπαν·

Having received these gifts, in the way of handmaids, they bring (them) to the mind as to a master, leading persuasion as an advocate, concerning rejecting nothing altogether.

This depends on what the infinitive modifies: the act of bringing or the persuasion. LOEB seems to take it as purpose/advantage.

3. Substitution

Definition

The infinitive contains something which done rather than something else. The subject has decided to act one way instead of another.

Translation Aids

Some key phrases to use for this function are “instead of” or “in place of.”

Clarification

This category is distinct from “Comparison,” though sometimes the line is not as evident as one may like.

In addition, this function is similar to “Exchange,” but the latter contains main verbs with more of a retributive idea. That is, something is done in response to the infinitive.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

C. Ap. 2.219 πολλοὶ καὶ πολλάκις ἤδη τῶν ἡμετέρων περὶ τοῦ μηδὲ ῥῆμα φθέγξασθαι παρὰ τὸν νόμον πάντα παθεῖν γενναίως προείλοντο

many of our people have often nobly resolved to endure suffering all things, rather than speak a word against our law

πρὸ τοῦ + Infinitive

1. Subsequent Time

Definition

The infinitive presents an action that occurs after the time of the main verb. This does not indicate the action is still to occur; it merely gives time relative to the verb.

Translation Aids

One can simply insert “before” or “prior to” in front of the infinitive to indicate this function.

Clarification

There is no need to search for detailed patterns of usage, as all infinitives with πρὸ τοῦ or πρὶν τοῦ function this way.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 2:4–5 ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν 5καὶ πᾶν χλωρὸν ἀγροῦ πρὸ τοῦ γενέσθαι ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ πάντα χόρτον ἀγροῦ πρὸ τοῦ ἀνατεῖλαι

on which day God made the heaven and the earth 5and every green thing of the field before it came on the earth, and all the grass of the field before it grew

The only example of this form in Philo’s works that I studied is a direct quotation of this passage.

Gen 19:4 πρὸ τοῦ κοιμηθῆναι καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες τῆς πόλεως οἱ Σοδομῖται περιεκύκλωσαν τὴν οἰκίαν

Before sleeping, even the men of the city, the Sodomites, surrounded the house

Exod 12:34 ἀνέλαβεν δὲ ὁ λαὸς τὸ σταῖς πρὸ τοῦ ζυμωθῆναι τὰ φυράματα αὐτῶν

And the people took their dough before their lumps were leavened

Ps 38:14 ἄνες μοι ἵνα ἀναψύξω πρὸ τοῦ με ἀπελθεῖν

Leave me, in order that I may be refreshed before I depart.

Zeph 2:1–2 συνάχθητε καὶ συνδέθητε τὸ ἔθνος τὸ ἀπαίδευτον 2πρὸ τοῦ γενέσθαι ὑμᾶς ὡς ἄνθος παραπορευόμενον πρὸ τοῦ ἐπελθεῖν ἐφ᾽ ὑμᾶς ὀργὴν κυρίου πρὸ τοῦ ἐπελθεῖν ἐφ᾽ ὑμᾶς ἡμέραν θυμοῦ κυρίου

Gather together and be bound, undisciplined people, 2before you become as a flower passing away, before the anger of the Lord come upon you, before the day of the wrath of the Lord come upon you.

Isa 44:7 καὶ τὰ ἐπερχόμενα πρὸ τοῦ ἐλθεῖν ἀναγγειλάτωσαν ὑμῖν

and they must declare to you the things that are approaching before (they) come

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

Tob (S) 8:18 τότε εἶπεν τοῖς οἰκέταις αὐτοῦ χῶσαι τὸν τάφον πρὸ τοῦ ὄρθρον γενέσθαι

Then he told the servants to fill the grave before dawn came.

Tob 10:11 καὶ εὐλογήσας αὐτοὺς ἐξαπέστειλεν λέγων εὐοδώσει ὑμᾶς τέκνα ὁ θεὸς τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πρὸ τοῦ με ἀποθανεῖν

And blessing them, he sent (them) away, saying, The God of heaven will help you, children, before me dying.

1 En. 9:11 σὺ πάντα οἶδας πρὸ τοῦ αὐτὰ γενέσθαι

you know all things before they occur

T. Levi 9:11 πρὸ τοῦ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὰ ἅγια, λούου·

Before entering into the Holy Places, you must wash.

T. Ab. 9:7A Ἠθελον θεάσασθαι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐν τῇ ζωῇ μου, πρὸ τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν με.

I was wishing to observe all the inhabited world in my life, before me dying.

A.J. 3.285 εἰ μὲν γὰρ πρὸ τοῦ τελειωθῆναι τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν καταβάλοι τὸ ἀργύριον ἀναγκάζει τὸν πριάμενον ἀποδοῦναι

For indeed if he might deposit the silver before the year was completed, he urges the one who bought to repay.

Greek:

Polyb. 2.63.2 διότι δεῖ τὴν ταχίστην ἐκκυβεύειν τοῖς ὅλοις πρὸ τοῦ συνεῖναι τὰ προσπεπτωκότα τὰς δυνάμεις

because gambling his all as soon as possible is necessary before the troops understanding the (things) having fallen

Polyb. 5.49.2 ὡς ἔδει μὲν πάλαι μὴ μέλλειν κατὰ τὴν αὑτοῦ συμβουλίαν πρὸ τοῦ τηλικαῦτα προτερήματα λαβεῖν τοὺς ἐχθρούς

as indeed there was need of not delaying long according to his will, before the enemies taking such advantages

Diod. 4.85.3 φασὶ γὰρ οἱ παλαιοὶ μυθογράφοι τὴν Σικελίαν τὸ πρὸ τοῦ χερρόνησον οὖσαν ὕστερον γενέσθαι νῆσον διὰ τοιαύτας αἰτίας.

For the ancient legend writers say Sicily being a peninsula before later becoming an island because of such a cause.

Diatr. 4.8.36 ἂν δὲ πρὸ τοῦ γόνυ φῦσαι τὸν στάχυν ἐξενέγκῃ

but if it brings forth before the stalk producing the joint

Chaer. 2.8.7 Τύπτουσα δὲ τὴν γαστέρα εἶπεν ‘ἄθλιον πρὸ τοῦ γεννηθῆναι γέγονας ἐν τάφῳ, καὶ χερσὶ λῃστῶν παρεδόθης.

And striking the womb, she said, Wretched (thing), you have become in the grave before being born, and you were handed over in hands of robbers.

2 Clem. 2:1 στεῖρα γὰρ ἦν ἡ ἐκκλησία ἡμῶν πρὸ τοῦ δοθῆναι αὐτῇ τέκνα

for our church was barren before children being given to her

Barn. 16:7 πρὸ τοῦ ἡμᾶς πιστεῦσαι τῷ θεῷ ἦν ἡμῶν τὸ κατοικητήριον τῆς καρδίας φθαρτὸν καὶ ἀσθενές

Before us believing in God, the habitation of our heart was corrupt and weak.

Cf. Polyb.; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Geogr. 6.2.4; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. .

ὑπὲρ τοῦ + Infinitive

1. Purpose/Advantage

Definition

The infinitive provides the positive intent of the action of the modified word.

Translation Aids

Some key phrases that introduce purpose clauses are “in order that/to,” “so that,” or “on behalf of.”

Some helpful phrases for translating these infinitives are “for the benefit of,” “on behalf of,” or “in the interest of.”

Clarification

d. Clear Examples

Jewish:

*Opif. 1.167 ὁ δ᾽ ἀνὴρ ἐν μέρει πόνους … ἀτρύτων δὲ μετουσίαν καμάτων εἰς ζήτησιν βίου καὶ τροφῆς ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ λιμῷ παραπολέσθαι·

And the man (receiving) on his part labors … and communion with unceasing troubles in the search for livelihood and food for not being destroyed by hunger.

This is one of the rare examples of modifying a noun, but it is a verbal noun.

Abr. 1.4 ὧν τὰς ἀρετὰς ἐν ταῖς ἱερωτάταις ἐστηλιτεῦσθαι γραφαῖς συμβέβηκεν, οὐ πρὸς τὸν ἐκείνων ἔπαινον αὐτὸ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας προτρέψασθαι καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ὅμοιον ζῆλον ἀγαγεῖν

whose virtues being inscribed in the holy scriptures occurred, not for praising them only but also for encouraging the ones reading and to lead (them) toward the same passion

Mos. 2.90 λεπταὶ δ᾽ ὀθόναι κατὰ τοῦ μήκους καὶ πλάτους ἦσαν ἐφαρμοζόμεναι τοῖς κίοσιν ἱστίοις ἐμφερεῖς, ὑπὲρ τοῦ μηδένα τῶν μὴ καθαρῶν εἰσιέναι.

And thin curtains were being fitted to the pillars according to the length and width, a resembling to sails, for no one entering while not being clean.

A.J. 1.70 ὑπὲρ δὲ τοῦ μὴ διαφυγεῖν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τὰ ηὑρημένα μηδὲ πρὶν εἰς γνῶσιν ἐλθεῖν φθαρῆναι … ἀμφοτέραις ἐνέγραψαν τὰ εὑρημένα

And for the findings not to escape mankind neither to be destroyed before coming to knowledge … they inscribed the findings on both (pillars).

A.J. 2.99 ὑπὲρ δὲ τοῦ γνῶναι τὰ κατὰ τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὰ συμβεβηκότα αὐτῷ μετὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ἀπαλλαγὴν ταῦτ᾽ ἔπραττε.

And he was doing these things for knowing the things about (his) father and things which happened to him after his own departure.

A.J. 4.167 πάντων τεταλαιπωρηκότων ὑπὲρ τοῦ κτήσασθαι τὴν αἰτουμένην ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν γῆν

though all had endured hardship for acquiring the land requested by them

A.J. 7.393 βουλόμενος χρήματ᾽ αὐτῷ δοῦναι ὑπὲρ τοῦ λῦσαι τὴν πολιορκίαν καὶ τὴν στρατιὰν ἀπαγαγεῖν

desiring to give money to him for releasing the siege and leading the army away

Greek:

Polyb. 3.87.5 οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι καὶ πολλὴν ἐποιοῦντο σπουδὴν καὶ πρόνοιαν ὑπὲρ τοῦ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον ἐπικουρεῖν

The Carthaginians also were making great haste and care for supporting in every place.

This could modify σπουδην and be simply reference, but the very nuance of haste and effort indicate an intentional idea.

Polyb. 3.94.9 ἐνετείλατο μὴ τοσαύτην ποιεῖσθαι σπουδὴν ὑπὲρ τοῦ βλάψαι τοὺς πολεμίους ἡλίκην ὑπὲρ τοῦ μηδὲν αὐτοὺς παθεῖν δεινόν.

He commanded not so much haste to be made for damaging the enemies as for them suffering nothing terrible.

Polyb. 5.32.1 μεγίστην παρῄνουν ποιεῖσθαι σπουδὴν ἐν ἑκάστοις ὑπὲρ τοῦ καλῶς ἄρξασθαι

they were exhorting great haste to be made in each (thing) for beginning well

The modified word is unclear, whether “haste” or “making.”

P. Oxy. 44.11–16 ἀντιγράψαντος οὖν αὐτοῦ μοι περὶ τοῦ … [ἀνα]κουφίσαι τοὺς τελώνας ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ φυγ[ά]δας γενέσθαι τ[ο]ὺς προσβ[ιβ]α[ζο]μένους

then when he replied to me concerning … lifting the taxes in order that those being pressed did not become refugees.

P. Oxy. 3264.22–25 δεδωκέναι αὐτοὺς μ[ή]τε τῷ Διογένει μηδὲ τοῖς αὐτοῦ μηδ’ ἄλλῳ τ[ι]νὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ἐργάσα[σθαι εἰς τὰ χώ]ματα

them having given neither to Diogenes nor to his (agents) nor to anyone else in order to not work on the dykes

Diatr. 1.5.4 καὶ πάντ᾽ ἂν μηχανησαίμεθα ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ περιπεσεῖν τοιούτῳ τινί

and we would contrive all (things) in order not to fall into such something

Diatr. 3.9.6 πότε οὕτως ἔπλευσας ὑπὲρ τοῦ τὰ δόγματα ἐπισκέψασθαι τὰ σαυτοῦ καὶ εἴ τι φαῦλον ἔχεις, ἐκβαλεῖν;

In this way at some point did you set out in order to review your own decrees and, if you have something useless, to throw (it) out?

Diatr. 3.12.11 εἶτά ποτε ὑπὲρ δοκιμασίας, εἰ ἄρα, καθήσεις εὐκαίρως αὐτὸς σαυτὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ γνῶναι, εἰ ὁμοίως ἡττῶσίν σε αἱ φαντασίαι.

Then at some point, for examination, if then, you will lay down yourself at a proper time for knowing if imaginations yield to you likewise.

Diatr. 4.1.162 εἶθ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἀπολογεῖσθαι ἔδει ὑπὲρ τοῦ ζῆν, μή τι ὡς τέκνα ἔχων ἀναστρέφεται, μή τι ὡς γυναῖκα;

Then because defending (himself) for living was necessary, he did not behave as someone having children, nor as someone (having) wife, (did he)?

Cf. Polyb.; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj. 32; Dei cogn. 36; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar. 11; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod. 118 [2x]; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. .

2. Reference/Epexegetical

Definition

Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “with reference to,” “regarding,” or “about.”

Clarification

I have combined both substantives and verbs under this heading. Should I split them?

Clear Examples

Jewish:

*Tob 6:16 οὐ μέμνησαι τῶν λόγων ὧν ἐνετείλατό σοι ὁ πατήρ σου ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαβεῖν σε γυναῖκα ἐκ τοῦ γένους σου;

Do you not remember the words which your father commanded you concerning you taking a wife from your people?

A.J. 1.319 καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μηδὲν ἀδικεῖν αὐτὸς ἔλεγε

and he was speaking these things concerning wronging no one

LOEB (242:155) and Whiston insert an idea of “proving to do no wrong,” making the preposition carry a purpose nuance. If the usual rendering of the infinitive’s lexeme is upheld, though, this clause is more likely reference.

Greek:

Polyb. 1.43.1 συλλαλήσαντες ἑαυτοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ τὴν πόλιν ἐνδοῦναι τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις

speaking among themselves regarding giving the city to the Romans

Polyb. 5.18.5 καί τις ἐνεπεπτώκει θροῦς παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ τὸν Λυκοῦργον ἐκπέμπειν βοηθήσοντα τοῖς Αἰτωλοῖς.

And a certain report fell among them regarding sending Lycurgus helping the Aetolians.

Conc. Apam. (40) Ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ λόγος ἡμῖν ἐστιν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ψεύσασθαι τὴν πατρίδα μηδὲ ἀποστερῆσαι τὴν ὑπόσχεσιν ὑμᾶς

and since our word is regarding not deceiving the homeland nor robbing you (of) the promise

Diatr. 1.1.20 προσελθόντι τις Ἐπαφροδίτῳ … καὶ ἀνακρίνοντι αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ συγκρουσθῆναι

Epaphroditus approaching somone … and examining him about being struck together

Diatr. 2.23.5 ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τοῦ ὁρᾶν καὶ ἀκούειν καὶ νὴ Δία ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ζῆν καὶ τῶν συνεργῶν πρὸς αὐτό, ὑπὲρ καρπῶν ξηρῶν, ὑπὲρ οἴνου, ὑπὲρ ἐλαίου εὐχαρίστει τῷ θεῷ

But indeed for seeing and hearing, and by Zeus, for living itself and the fellow workers to it, for dry fruits, for wine, for olive oil, you must give thanks to God.

Diatr. 4.6.24 πῶς ἔτι ὀρθὰ δόγματα ἔχω μὴ ἀρκούμενος τῷ εἶναι ὅς εἰμι, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπτοημένος ὑπὲρ τοῦ δοκεῖν;

How do I still have straight decrees, not being satisfied with being who I am, but being excited with reference to seeming good?

Cf. Polyb.; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor. 28; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. .

e. Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

2 Macc 4:36 ἐνετύγχανον οἱ κατὰ πόλιν Ιουδαῖοι συμμισοπονηρούντων καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὑπὲρ τοῦ παρὰ λόγον τὸν Ονιαν ἀπεκτονῆσθαι

The Jews in the city and (some) of the Greeks also hating such evil interceded concerning killing Onias against reason.

Without a direct object, the clause naturally fits the content of the plea/intercession. This could also be causal, though.

3. Cause (Reason)

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 7.271 οὔτε τὸν Μεμφίβοσθον ἔγνω κολάζειν οὔθ᾽ ὡς καταψευσαμένου τοῦ Σιβᾶ καταδικάζειν ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τοῦ μὴ μετὰ Σιβᾶ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐλθεῖν ἐκείνῳ πάντα χαρίσασθαι φήσας

He resolved neither to punish Mephibosheth nor to condemn as Ziba brought false charges, but saying to give all things to that one, for not coming to him with Ziba.

Greek:

Diatr. 1.19.25 τίς οὖν πώποτε ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀρεχθῆναι καλῶς ἔθυσεν; ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὁρμῆσαι κατὰ φύσιν;

Now who at some point sacrificed on account of yearning well? On account of urging according to nature?

Sacrifices are not made for these reasons. The other option is advantage, but I think context is enough to warrant a more specific nuance here.

4. Substitution

Definition

The infinitive contains something which done rather than something else. The subject has decided to act one way instead of another.

Translation Aids

Some key phrases to use for this function are “instead of” or “in place of.”

Clarification

This category is distinct from “Comparison,” though sometimes the line is not as evident as one may like.

In addition, this function is similar to “Exchange,” but the latter contains main verbs with more of a retributive idea. That is, something is done in response to the infinitive.

As opposed to the preposition with the accusative, ὑπέρ with the genitive is not comparative but takes a substitution idea (cf. BDAG 1030–31; LSJ, 1857–58).

Clear Examples

Jewish:

C. Ap. 1.190 ἔχομεν πρὸς τοὺς νόμους ὅτι πάντα πάσχειν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ παραβῆναι τούτους προαιρούμεθα

We have (regard) for our laws because we choose to suffer all things rather than transgress them

ὑπὸ τοῦ + Infinitive

1. Means

Definition

Translation Aids

The most common way to introduce an instrumental sense is by inserting “by” before the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Greek:

*Diatr. 2.18.1 πᾶσα ἕξις καὶ δύναμις ὑπὸ τῶν καταλλήλων ἔργων συνέχεται καὶ αὔξεται, ἡ περιπατητικὴ ὑπὸ τοῦ περιπατεῖν, ἡ τροχαστικὴ ὑπὸ τοῦ τρέχειν.

Every skill and ability is held together and increased by appropriate works, walking (is increased) by walking around, running (is increased) by running.

Diatr. 4.1.140 ἀλλὰ ἰσχυρὸν καὶ χρηστικὸν καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ διὰ τῶν ἔργων γεγυμνάσθαι μεμυημένον

but a strong and beneficial (decree) which has been initiated by being trained through works

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

A.J. 7.189 οὐκ ἐπιβέβλαπτο δ᾽ εἰς τὸ κάλλος ὑπό τε τῆς λύπης καὶ τοῦ μὴ τυγχάνειν τῆς προσηκούσης ἐπιμελείας υἱῷ βασιλέως

now he had not been damaged in beauty by grief and (by) not obtaining the care which was proper for the son of the king

The infinitives could give either the means or cause of the main verb. The passive verb seems to demand a clause of means, but so does Cause (see below). The two semantic ranges overlap. Yet, these two infinitives more likely give the instrument that could possible mar one’s appearance (especially not receiving proper treatment).

2. Cause (Reason)

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

This use with ὑπό is common with the genitive, especially with passive verbs (LSJ, 1873–74; BDAG, 1035–36).

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

*A.J. 5.198 Ἰσραηλῖται δὲ πάλιν οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ διδαχῇ τοῦ κρείττονος ἐλάμβανον τῶν πρότερον ἠτυχημένων ὑπό τε τοῦ μήτε σέβειν τὸν θεὸν μήθ᾽ ὑπακούειν τοῖς νόμοις … ὑπὸ Ιαβίνου τοῦ τῶν Χαναναίων βασιλέως καταδουλοῦνται.

Now the Israelites again were enslaved by Jabin, king of the Canaanites, for they took none of the former misfortunes as instruction for better (living), and because of neither worshipping God nor obeying the laws

Greek:

Diatr. 3.24.7 ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἄλογα εἶναι πάσχει αὐτά.

but he suffers them because of being without reason.

Tuesday, December 27, 2022

Prepositions with Genitive Infinitives (Extrabiblical)

Genitive Object

ἀντὶ τοῦ + Infinitive

ἀπὸ τοῦ + Infinitive

διὰ τοῦ + Infinitive -19-

ἐκ τοῦ + Infinitive

ἐπὶ τοῦ + Infinitive

μετὰ τοῦ + Infinitive

περὶ τοῦ + Infinitive

πρὸ τοῦ + Infinitive

ὑπὲρ τοῦ + Infinitive

ὑπὸ τοῦ + Infinitive

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