Accusative Object

διὰ τό + Infinitive

The following examples of this structure were not categorized because of fragmentary or corrupt texts and/or sufficient lack of clarity regarding syntactical functions: Polyb.; Meg.; Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Tob; 1 Macc; 2 Macc; Ps; Sir; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa; Amat. narr.; Geogr.; Diod.; 1 En.; Sib. Or.; 3 Bar.; T. Reu.; T. Sim.; T. Levi; T. Jud.; T. Iss.; T. Zeb.; T. Dan; T. Naph.; T. Gad; T. Ash.; T. Jos.; T. Benj.; T. Ab.; Let. Aris.; Jub.; Jos. Asen.; Apoc. Mos.; Liv. Pro.; 4 Bar.; 3 Macc.; 4 Macc.; Pss. Sol.; Opif.; Abr.; Ios.; Mos.; Decal.; Spec.; Virt.; Praem.; Exsecr.; Nat. d.; A.J.; C. Ap.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. . .

1. Cause (Reason)

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Clarification

Causal infinitives are distinct from means infinitives, in that the latter provide the instrument which is used to accomplish the main verb. It answers, “How?” Yet, a distinction between the two is not always clear. This function is also distinct from purpose infinitives, in that “the causal infinitive gives a retrospective answer (i.e., it looks back to the ground or reason), while the purpose infinitive gives prospective answer (looking forward to the intended result).” That is, these infinitives provide the reason not the goal of the main verb.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 6:3 οὐ μὴ καταμείνῃ τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τούτοις εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐτοὺς σάρκας ἔσονται δὲ αἱ ἡμέραι αὐτῶν ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι ἔτη

My spirit will surely not remain among these men forever, because they are flesh, but their days will be one hundred twenty years.

Exod 17:7 καὶ ἐπωνόμασεν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τόπου ἐκείνου πειρασμὸς καὶ λοιδόρησις διὰ τὴν λοιδορίαν τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ διὰ τὸ πειράζειν κύριον

And he named the name of that place, Tempting and Reproach, because of the reproach of the sons of Israel and because of tempting the Lord.

Exod 19:18 τὸ δὲ ὄρος τὸ Σινα ἐκαπνίζετο ὅλον διὰ τὸ καταβεβηκέναι ἐπ’αὐτὸ τὸν θεὸν ἐν πυρί

Now the whole mountain Sinai was smoking because God had come down on it with fire.

Deut 1:27 διὰ τὸ μισεῖν κύριον ἡμᾶς ἐξήγαγεν ἡμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου

Because of the Lord hating us, He brought us out from the land of Egypt.

Isa 63:9 ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸς κύριος ἔσωσεν αὐτοὺς διὰ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτοὺς καὶ φείδεσθαι αὐτῶν

but the Lord Himself saved them because of loving them and considering them

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

1 Macc 6:53 βρώματα δὲ οὐκ ἦν ἐν τοῖς ἀγγείοις διὰ τὸ ἕβδομον ἔτος εἶναι καὶ οἱ ἀνασῳζόμενοι εἰς τὴν Ιουδαίαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν κατέφαγον τὸ ὑπόλειμμα τῆς παραθέσεως

And there was no food in the vessels, because of being the seventh year, and those in Judea being saved from the nations ate the remainder of what was stored.

1 En. 10:15 ἀπόλεσον πάντα τὰ πνεύματα τῶν κιβδήλων καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν ἐγρηγόρων διὰ τὸ ἀδικῆσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους.

You must destroy all the spirits of pleasure and the sons of the Watchers because they wronged men.

Let. Aris. 1:31 δέον δέ ἐστι καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὑπάρχειν παρά σοι διηκριβωμένα, διὰ τὸ καὶ φιλοσοφωτέραν εἶναι καὶ ἀκέραιον τὴν νομοθεσίαν ταύτην

and these books being with you accurately is also necessary, because this legislation, is very philosophical and pure

Jub. 3:23 ἀφῃρέθη δὲ ταῦτα διὰ τὸ τολμηρῶς εἰς τὸν παράδεισον εἰσελθεῖν, καὶ διὰ τὸ πρῶτος ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου λαβεῖν καὶ φαγεῖν.

And these were taken away because of (him) entering boldly into paradise, and because of taking first from the tree and eating.

Ios. 1.147 πάλιν καθελκόμενα καὶ καταδαρθάνοντα διὰ τὸ μηδὲν εὐθυτενῶς δύνασθαι τῇ ψυχῇ βλέπειν, ἀλλὰ πλάζεσθαι καὶ περπταίειν

again being pulled down and falling asleep because of being able to see nothing with the soul straightly, but (because of) wandering and stumbling

A.J. 1.321 εἰς ἔτος δὲ παρέξειν ἐπηγγέλλετο διὰ τὸ ἐποφθαλμιᾶν τῷ πλήθει τῆς κτήσεως ἐπαγγελλόμενος μὲν διὰ τὸ δυσέλπιστον γενέσθαι τοσαῦτα ψευδόμενος δὲ ἐπὶ γενομένοις

But he promised to offer for a year, because of envying the abundance of possession, promising indeed because of these (things) being unexpected.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Tob; 1 Macc; 2 Macc; Ps; Sir; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa; 1 En.; Sib. Or.; 3 Bar.; T. Reu.; T. Sim.; T. Levi; T. Jud.; T. Iss.; T. Zeb.; T. Dan; T. Naph.; T. Gad; T. Ash.; T. Jos.; T. Benj.; T. Ab.; Let. Aris.; Jub.; Jos. Asen.; Apoc. Mos.; Liv. Pro.; 4 Bar.; 3 Macc.; 4 Macc.; Pss. Sol.; Opif.; Abr.; Ios.; Mos.; Decal.; Spec.; Virt.; Praem.; Exsecr.; A.J.; C. Ap. .

Greek:

Amat. narr. 8.6 πολλὰ κατεμέμφετο τὸν Ξάνθον ἡ γυνὴ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχοντα τοσοῦτο χρυσίον ὑποσχέσθαι τῷ βαρβάρῳ, κινδυνεύσειν τε αὐτόν, εἰ μὴ ἐμπεδώσειε τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν.

The wife was blaming Xanthus with many things, because of this (one) not having gold to offer the barbarian and him taking a risk if he would not repay the promise.

Geogr. 7.6.2 Χαλκηδόνιοι δ᾽ … οὐ μετέχουσι τῆς εὐπορίας ταύτης διὰ τὸ μὴ προσπελάζειν τοῖς λιμέσιν αὐτῶν τὴν πηλαμύδα

But Chalcedonians … do not share from this abundance, because of the tunny not approaching their harbors.

Diod. 1.40.3 εἰ μὲν οὖν ὁ Νεῖλος ἀνέβαινε κατὰ τὸν τοῦ χειμῶνος καιρόν, δῆλον ἂν ὑπῆρχεν ὡς ἐκ τῆς καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς ζώνης λαμβάνει τὴν ἐπίρρυσιν διὰ τὸ περὶ τούτους τοὺς καιροὺς μάλιστα γίνεσθαι παρ᾽ ἡμῖν τὰς ἐπομβρίας

Then indeed if the Nile was rising according to the time of winter, that it takes the reserve from our belt would be clear because of the heavy rains being with us especially around those times.

Diod. 3.62.7 τὴν δὲ καθέψησιν τῶν μελῶν μεμυθοποιῆσθαι διὰ τὸ τοὺς πλείστους ἕψειν τὸν οἶνον καὶ μίσγοντας εὐωδεστέραν αὐτοῦ καὶ βελτίονα τὴν φύσιν κατασκευάζειν

and the boiling of (his) members to have been made into myths because of most boiling the wine

*Nat. d. 28.17 τοῦτον δὲ πλήξας κάπρος ἀνελεῖν λέγεται διὰ τὸ τὰς ὗς δοκεῖν ληιβότειρας εἶναι

And he is said to destroy this one by striking with a wild boar because of pigs seeming to be crop consuming

P. Oxy. 507.32–36 οὐδὲν βλάβος ἐξακολουθήσι σοι διὰ τὸ εἶναι τὸ ἀργύριον σὺν τοῖς τόκοις ἀκίνδυνον παντὸς κινδύνου.

no damage will follow you because the silver with the interest are guaranteed against every risk

Diatr. 2.19.4 τὰ τρία δ᾽ ἐκεῖνα τηρῆσαι ἀμήχανον διὰ τὸ κοινὴν εἶναι αὐτῶν μάχην.

And keeping those three (is) impractical because of war being common among them.

1 Clem. 47:3 ἐπέστειλεν ὑμῖν περὶ ἑαυτοῦ τε καὶ Κηφᾶ τε καὶ Ἀπολλώ διὰ τὸ καὶ τότε προσκλίσεις ὑμᾶς πεποιῆσθαι

He wrote to you concerning himself and also Cephas and also Apollos, because even then you had made factions.

Ign. Magn. 4:1 οἱ τοιοῦτοι δὲ οὐκ εὐσυνείδητοί μοι εἶναι φαίνονται διὰ τὸ μὴ βεβαίως κατ᾽ ἐντολὴν συναθροίζεσθαι

Now such ones do not seem to me to be of a good conscience, because of not being gathered firmly according to the commandment.

If the infinitive modified ειναι it would be evidence, but it gives the reason they do not seem to have a conscience.

Cf. Polyb. 1.1.1; 1.10.8; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Geogr.; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap.

2. Means

Definition

The infinitival form describes the instrumental action that accomplishes the main verb. The infinitive is a separate action that leads to the accomplishment of the main verb. If the means infinitive is removed, the point of the main verb is absent.

Translation Aids

The most common way to introduce an instrumental sense is by inserting “by” before the infinitive.

Clarification

Just as purpose infinitives answer “Why?” so means infinitives answer the question “How?” One should also distinguish means from manner. The latter is typically abstract and merely adds color to the verb. It involves an accompanying attitude or emotion. Means infinitives describe the instrumental action that is necessary to accomplish the main verb. The final, and perhaps most difficult, distinction to make is between means and causal infinitives. “It is not always easy or possible to draw a line between the instrumental and the causal use of the dative infinitive, which sometimes expresses what may be looked upon either as the cause or the means.” Ideally, means is instrumental and at least contains some type of simultaneous action to the main verb. Causal infinitives are antecedent in time and provide the basis or reason for which the state of the verb is true or the action of the verb is done.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

2 Macc 6:25 καὶ αὐτοὶ διὰ τὴν ἐμὴν ὑπόκρισιν καὶ διὰ τὸ μικρὸν καὶ ἀκαριαῖον ζῆν πλανηθῶσιν δι᾽ ἐμέ

And they may be deceived because of me, because of my hypocrisy and because of living a short moment

The speaker does not want others to be deceived by his desire to live longer. This could be more generally causal, but the audience would be deceived directly by this action. The first phrase aids this understanding.

Greek:

*Polyb. 5.45.4 κωλυθείσης δὲ τῆς διαβάσεως ὑπὸ Ζεύξιδος διὰ τὸ καταλαβέσθαι τὰ ποτάμια πλοῖα

but (after) passage being hindered by Zeuxis through seizing the the river boats

The infinitive is middle, meaning Zeuxis is the agent. He hindered passage through seizing the boats. The agency phrase has to modify the participle. If it modifies the infinitive it could be causal.

*Geogr. 9.5.14 ἐπεὶ δ’ ὁ ποιητὴς εἰς πολλὰ καὶ γνώριμα μέρη διε[λὼν δι]ὰ τὸ ὀνομάζειν τούς τε ἡγεμόνας καὶ τὰς ὑπ’ αὐτοῖς πόλεις τὸν σύμπαντα τῆς Θετταλίας κύκλον διέταξεν

But since the poet, dividing (it) into many and well-known regions because of naming both the governers and the cities under them, arranged the whole circle of Thessaly

LCL 196:419 translates the preposition “through.” The clause gives the means of dividing the region.

Cf. Polyb.; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Geogr.; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. .

3. Apposition

Definition

“An appositional construction involves two adjacent substantives that refer to the same person or thing and have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the clause.” Appositional infinitives, though, are not always precisely adjacent, since the clause will not always immediately follow the head noun or pronoun. Yet, the basic definition remains, and the following infinitives rename or define a prior substantive. As Wallace notes, “The appositional infinitive typically refers to a specific example that falls within the broad category named by the head noun.”

Translation Aids

There are two primary aids in identifying appositional infinitives. First, one can place a colon after the main clause and notice if the infinitival clause further labels the aforementioned entity. Second, the reader can insert “namely” between the first substantive and the appositional clause. That is, the infinitival clause could very well have taken the place (and function) of the previous substantive.

Clarification

There may be some confusion when discerning whether an infinitive is epexegetical or appositional. Wallace gives the following explanation: “The difference is that the epexegetical infinitive explains the noun or adjective to which it is related, while apposition defines it.” In other words, the epexegetical infinitive modifies a noun or adjective and cannot take its place in the sentence. The appositional infinitive can substitute for its antecedent referent. The reader must be careful then not to mislabel infinitives, particularly with words that can take either type of infinitive (e.g., σημεῖον take an appostional noun in Romans 4:11, “sign of circumcision,” but an epexegetical one in Matthew 24:3, “sign of your coming”).

By definition an appositional infinitive must follow its substantival referent. In addition, most of the examples found in the literature are related to demonstrative pronouns. There are exceptions (e.g., ???), but these are rare.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Josh 14:14 διὰ τοῦτο ἐγενήθη ἡ Χεβρων τῷ Χαλεβ τῷ τοῦ Ιεφοννη τοῦ Κενεζαίου ἐν κλήρῳ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης διὰ τὸ αὐτὸν ἐπακολουθῆσαι τῷ προστάγματι κυρίου θεοῦ Ισραηλ

Because of this, Chebron became as inheritance to Chaleb, the son of Iephonne the Kenezite until this day, because of him following the command of the Lord God of Israel.

The opening causal demonstrative could look back at Caleb’s request, but the verse more likely generalizes the situation.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Greek:

P. Oxy. 113.17–18 ἡ αἰτία αὕτη ἐστίν, διὰ τὸ τὸν χαλκέα μακρὰν ἡμῶν εἶναι.

Τhis is the reason, because the smith is a long way from us

4. Cause (Evidence)

Definition

A subcategory of causal infinitives provides the evidence that proves the claim of the main verb. That is, the infinitival clause offers information that demonstrates the truth of the main clause. In the reverse, the main verb contains an inference that can be made from the accuracy of the infinitive.

Translation Aids

One may alter the sentence to something similar to the following: “This is true on the basis of X” or “X proves/demonstrates the validity of this claim.”

Clarification

Although “because of” can still be an appropriate translation in these cases, it is important for the reader not to view the infinitive as providing the responsible event for the occurrence or state of the main verb. In fact, these infinitives often present the opposite of the “reason” for the truth of the main verb. Rather, they sometimes give the state that results from the main verb. An equivalent situation is found in conditional clauses. Sometimes the protasis provides evidence of the apodosis, not an action that causes it. Wallace provides the following example: “If she has a ring on her left hand, then she’s married.” The protasis is not the cause of the apodosis but provides evidence of the latter’s validity.

Clear Examples

Greek:

Polyb. 2.17.10 διὰ γὰρ τὸ στιβαδοκοιτεῖν καὶ κρεαφαγεῖν, ἔτι δὲ μηδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν τὰ πολεμικὰ καὶ τὰ κατὰ γεωργίαν ἀσκεῖν ἁπλοῦς εἶχον τοὺς βίους

For because of sleeping on litter and eating flesh, and still working nothing other than wars and that according to farming, they were having simple lives.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

LXX (translated):

Josh 22:19 καὶ μὴ ἀπόστητε ἀπὸ κυρίου διὰ τὸ οἰκοδομῆσαι ὑμᾶς βωμὸν ἔξω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν

And you must not turn away from the Lord because of you building an altar outside the altar of the Lord of our God.

The altar was built in v. 10. V 16 has a similar idea in the form of a question, but “by building an altar” is a participle there. By itself, this infinitive seems to point to a future action, but in context it has already occurred. That’s what causes me to view this as evidence of rebelling from God. This could also be seen as means.

Greek:

P. Oxy. 2708.11–17 εκθλείβοντες τῶν ἐπιβαλλόντων μοι μερῶν γέροντα ἄνθρωπον καὶ ἄ[τ]εκνον διὰ τὸ τοὺς υἱούς μου τετελευτηκέναι

thrusting (me) out of the shares which fall to me, an old man and childless because my sons are dead

5. Purpose

Definition

Infinitives commonly provide the purpose behind the main verb, and Winer comments that the infinitive of purpose is closely related to the complementary infinitive by the element of design (i.e., intention). Boyer likewise comments, “The most natural adverbial use of the infinitive, either articular or anarthrous, is to express the end or direction of an action, whether intentional (purpose) or consequential (result).” For this category, the infinitive not only completes the action but also offers the goal behind that action.

Translation Aids

Some key phrases that introduce purpose clauses are “in order that/to,” “so that,” or “on behalf of.”

Clarification

Votaw makes a distinction between “distinct and specific” and “modified and general” purpose clauses. I have chosen not to maintain this division for simplicity’s sake. In addition, some of this examples in their respective categories should be labeled differently (e.g., epexegetical). Similarly, Allen claims purpose infinitives can occur after adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs, or in free relation to the whole sentence. I would label these as epexegetical, leaving “Purpose” to describe infinitives which function on the clausal level.

As Wallace writes, “Technically, there are really two subgroups that share the idea of movement toward an end … Thus, one kind involves intention, the other mere direction (or sometimes even tendency).” In this project I have made respective categories to match this distinction. This category involves the former, in that the infinitive provides the goal or intended result of the main verb. “Directional Purpose” is another function which describes the direction or spatial goal toward which the subject strives.

The difference between purpose and result is not always clear, though the definitions intend on making them quite distinct. The difficulty comes in the incomplete knowledge of the reader and the ambiguity of the author. The goals of purpose infinitives are often met, which would meet the requirements of “Result.” However, the reader is left to discern the purpose of the author, whether he emphasizes the intent of the action or not. The following patterns were noticed throughout the literature to make this distinction more probable.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 9.84 μεστὴν δὲ σιτίων καὶ ὅπλων εὗρον ἃ διὰ τὸ κοῦφοι πρὸς τὸ φεύγειν εἶναι ῥίπτοντες κατέλιπον

but they found full of food and weapons, which they abandoned, throwing (them) out because of being nimble while fleeing

This “cause” is prospective, making it fit a purpose idea.

εἰς τό + Infinitive

1. Purpose

Definition

Translation Aids

Some key phrases that introduce purpose clauses are “in order that/to,” “so that,” or “on behalf of.”

Clarification

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 30:38 ἵνα ὡς ἂν ἔλθωσιν τὰ πρόβατα πιεῖν ἐνώπιον τῶν ῥάβδων ἐλθόντων αὐτῶν εἰς τὸ πιεῖν

in order that whenever the cattle might come to drink before the rods, when they came for drinking

Exod 28:4 καὶ ποιήσουσιν στολὰς ἁγίας Ααρων καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸ ἱερατεύειν μοι

And they will make holy garments for Aaron and his sons to be priests for me.

Lev 14:23 καὶ προσοίσει αὐτὰ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ εἰς τὸ καθαρίσαι αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἔναντι κυρίου

And he will present them on the eighth day, for purifying him, to the priest at the door of the tabernacle of witness before the Lord.

Ps 79:3 ἐναντίον Εφραιμ καὶ Βενιαμιν καὶ Μανασση ἐξέγειρον τὴν δυναστείαν σου καὶ ἐλθὲ εἰς τὸ σῶσαι ἡμᾶς

Before Ephraim and Beniamin and Manasse awaken your power, and come for saving us.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

1 Macc 14:24 μετὰ ταῦτα ἀπέστειλεν Σιμων τὸν Νουμήνιον εἰς Ῥώμην ἔχοντα ἀσπίδα χρυσῆν μεγάλην ὁλκὴν μνῶν χιλίων εἰς τὸ στῆσαι πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὴν συμμαχίαν

After these things Simon sent Numenius to Rome, having a great golden shield of a thousand minas weight, to establish the alliance with them.

Let. Aris. 1:21 τοῦ θεοῦ κατισχύοντος αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ σωτηρίαν γενέσθαι πλήθεσιν ἱκανοῖς

of God strengthening him so that salvation might be to sufficient multitudes

Opif. 1.53 χρεῖος δὲ ὁ μὲν νοῦς ἐπιστήμης εἰς τὸ γνωρίσαι τὰ ἀσώματα, ὀφθαλμὸς δὲ φωτὸς εἰς τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ἀντίληψιν.

But indeed the mind (is) needing knowledge for understanding incorporeal (things), and the eye (is needing) light for the comprehending of bodies.

Decal. 1.101 πῶς δὲ λέγεται ἐν ἓξ ἡμέραις γεγενῆσθαι τὸν κόσμον ὑπὸ θεοῦ τοῦ μηδὲ χρόνων εἰς τὸ ποιεῖν δεομένου

And how the world having become by God in six days is said, who never is needing time for making (something)

A.J. 2.45 σκήπτεται νόσον πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα θηρωμένη μόνωσιν καὶ σχολὴν εἰς τὸ δεηθῆναι τοῦ Ἰωσήπου

She faked sickness to (her) husband, pursuing solitude and leisure, for asking Joseph.

A.J. 8.87 πληρώσας δὲ ὕδατος τὴν μὲν θάλασσαν ἀπέδειξεν εἰς τὸ νίπτειν τοὺς εἰς τὸν ναὸν εἰσιόντας ἱερεῖς ἐν αὐτῇ τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας μέλλοντας ἀναβαίνειν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν τοὺς δὲ λουτῆρας εἰς τὸ καθαίρειν τὰ ἐντὸς τῶν ὁλοκαυτουμένων ζῴων καὶ τοὺς πόδας αὐτῶν

And he appointed the sea being full or water for the priests entering the temple washing the hands and feet in it, being about to ascend to the altar, and (he appointed) the basins for cleansing the insides of the creatures for burnt offerings and their feet.

Greek:

Polyb. 1.66.3 βουλόμενος ἀναστροφὴν διδόναι τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις εἰς τὸ τοὺς καταπλεύσαντας καὶ μισθοδοτηθέντας τὰ προσοφειλόμενα τῶν ὀψωνίων φθάνειν

desiring to give time to the Carthaginians for those sailing and receiving the things owed of the salaries to arrive first

One could argue this is modifying αναστροφην and should be considered epexegetical, even if the purpose idea is still evident. I think it is more natural to see the infinitival clause as modifying the entire preceding clause.

Polyb. 2.68.7 ὡς ἀνωτάτω σπεύδοντες λαβεῖν τοὺς ὑπεναντίους εἰς τὸ τὴν φυγὴν ἐπὶ πολὺ καταφερῆ καὶ κρημνώδη γενέσθαι τοῖς πολεμίοις.

as hastening to take those opposite at the highest (point) for the flight of the enemies being over much and precipitous decline

Polyb. 4.61.4 ἔδωκε τοῖς Αἰτωλοῖς ἀναστροφὴν εἰς τὸ καὶ στῆναι καὶ προνοηθῆναί τι καὶ παρασκευάσασθαι πρὸς τὸ μέλλον.

He gave the Aetolians time for both standing and something being planned and preparing for what was about to happen.

Same as 1.66.3.

Amat. narr. 14:1 Κλεόβοια … ἐρασθεῖσα πολλὰ ἐμηχανᾶτο εἰς τὸ προσαγαγέσθαι τὸν παῖδα.

Cleoboea … having fallen in love, was contriving many (things) for bringing in (i.e., drawing) the child.

P. Oxy. 69.13–16 καὶ τὴν οὖσαν ἐξέτασιν ποιήσασθαι περὶ τῆς γενομένης ἐπελεύσεως, εἰς τὸ καὶ ἐμαὶ δύνασθαι τὴν κριθὴν ἀπολαβεῖν.

and to make due inquiry about the occurring robbery, so that recovering the barley might be possible for me

P. Oxy. 2182.30–31 ἀποστεῖλαι ἰς τὸ ἔτι τοῦ ποταμοῦπλεῖσθαι δυναμένου τὴν καταγωγὴν γενέσθαι

to send (donkeys) in order that landing may occur while sailing the river is possible still

Chaer. 7.2.4 λοιπὸν δὲ ζῶ εἰς μόνον τὸ λυπῆσαι τὸν ἐχθρόν

but finally, I am living only for grieving the enemy

Mart. Pol. 15:1 καὶ ἐτηρήθημεν εἰς τὸ ἀναγγεῖλαι τοῖς λοιποῖς τὰ γενόμενα

and we were preserved for declaring what occurred to the rest

2. Epexegetical/Reference (Substantive)

Definition

“Epexegetical” describes the aspect of these infinitives that explains, clarifies, or further defines a modified word, either noun or adjective. “Reference” more naturally describes those infinitives modifying adjectives, in that they provide the realm or manner in which the adjective’s head noun can be described as such. This category has been labeled as infinitives “limiting nouns and/or adjectives,” indicating the infinitive somehow limits the range of meaning for the noun or adjective.

Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “of,” “for,” “with reference to,” “about.” In addition, the traditional “to X” translation for infinitives is often appropriate.

Clarification

These infinitives qualify a description, clarify an ambiguous term, or explain how a word should be understood. Typically, the modified word indicates “ability, authority, desire, freedom, hope, need, obligation, or readiness.” Votaw adds words of ability, fitness, and time. The adverbs included in this section are primarily spatial (e.g., “far” or “near” to something). Allen lists the following nouns and one passage where they are found in Polybius: ἀδυναμία (15.34.5); αἰτία (2.38.9); ἀρχή (22.8.8); ἀρχηγός (2.38.9); ἀφορμή (3.69.8); βεβαιωτής (2.40.2); ἐμπόδιον (18.22.4); ἔννοια (15.1.12); ἐξουσία (3.29.7); ἐπιβολή (5.62.7); ἐπιμέλεια (6.35.12); ἔτος (12.16.12); καταρχή (15.33.1); κυρία (6.15.6); λόγος (18.15.15); ὁρμή (15.4.8); παράδειγμα (5.111.7); παράπτωσις (12.25.10); πεῖρα (8.9.6); πρόληψις (16.32.4); πρόνοια (11.2.10); πρόφασις (3.108.5); σημεῖον (23.13.1); συνήθεια (2.20.8); σύνθημα (8.27.3); τέλος (4.57.11); χρόνος (3.112.5). He only found four adjectives, the most common of which is αἴτιος (e.g., 1.43.8; 1.57.7; 9.3.9; 13.4.8; 21.13.10; 23.14.6; 24.11.1; 27.15.1) The other three adjectives are only used once (ἀλλότριος, 21.11.2; ἄπειρος, 39.9.12; κύριος, 29.9.9).

In the regular case system, the dative of reference presents something as true. “An author will use this dative to qualify a statement that would otherwise typically not be true.” The reference aspect of these infinitives can easily be confused with another function of “sphere” or “location.” Wallace advises to focus on the context of the passage and the author’s intent, for the two ideas sometimes carry opposite nuances (cf. ExSyn, 145, for a biblical example; Eph 2:1 and Rom 6:2). “In general, it is safe to say that the dative of reference views the word to which the dative stands related as detached or separated somehow from the dative, while the dative of sphere views the word to which the dative stands related as incorporated within the realm of the dative.” For infinitives, I have attempted to maintain a similar distinction. Epexegetical or reference infinitives are “separate” from the modified word, in that they clarify how the word is to be understood. “Location” infinitives (see below) offer a realm or sphere in which the activity of the main verb occurs.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Exod 40:5 καὶ θήσεις τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χρυσοῦν εἰς τὸ θυμιᾶν ἐναντίον τῆς κιβωτοῦ.

And you will place the golden altar for burning incense before the ark.

The modifying clause gives the purpose of the altar’s existence, but it is still describing the altar, not the purpose of placing it here.

Lev 13:59 οὗτος ὁ νόμος ἁφῆς λέπρας ἱματίου ἐρεοῦ ἢ στιππυίνου … εἰς τὸ καθαρίσαι αὐτὸ ἢ μιᾶναι αὐτό.

This (is) the law of an infection of leprosy of a garment of wool or made of tow … for cleansing it or defiling it.

NETS, 94, inserts “‘to declare’ it clean or defiled.” Either way, these actions describe the law, though containing a purpose element.

*Ps 69:1–2 τῷ Δαυιδ εἰς ἀμάμνησιν, 2εἰς τὸ σῶσαί με κύριον.

To David as a reminder, for the Lord saving me.

There is no verb, so it’s clearly epexegetical. The only uncertainty is if the “rescuing” is in the past or future from speaking this psalm.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

*2 Macc 6:28 τοῖς δὲ νέοις ὑπόδειγμα γενναῖον καταλελοιπὼς εἰς τὸ προθύμως καὶ γενναίως ὑπὲρ τῶν σεμνῶν καὶ ἁγίων νόμων ἀπευθανατίζειν

and leaving a noble example for the youths “with reference to” dying eagerly and nobly for the honorable and holy laws

This completes v 27, which has a participle of means. This modifies “example.” NETS, 511, “example of how to die.”

Opif. 1.79 ἅμα τῇ πρώτῃ γενέσει τὰς εἰς τὸ ζῆν παρασκευὰς ἁπάσας εὗρεν ἄνθρωπος

At the first birth, man found all the provisions for living

The purpose of these provisions is still to live, though.

Ios. 1.58 ἔχων τὰ γεννητικά, τὰς δ᾽ εἰς τὸ γεννᾶν δυνάμεις ἀφῃρημένος,

having the generative (organs) but being deprived of the powers for giving birth

Ios. 1.154 ἐπειδὴ τὰ συνεκτικώτατα τῶν εἰς τὸ ζῆν χρησίμων ἐστὶ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις

since eating and drinking is the most fit of useful (things) for living

Adjective functions substantivally.

Spec. 3.102 τοὺς δὲ εἰς τὸ παθεῖν ὑπόπτους φοβερωτέρου δέους ἀναπιμπλᾶσι

and it fills the suspecting (ones) about suffering with a more fearful awe

Substantive adjective.

Spec. 4.210 τὰ τοσοῦτον ἀλλήλων διηρτημένα καὶ ταῖς φύσεσι καὶ ταῖς ἀνθήσεσι καὶ τοῖς εἰς τὸ γεννᾶν τὰ οἰκεῖα καιροῖς διέζευξε

He separated the things being so distinct from one another in natures and in flowerings and in times for producing suitable (things).

A.J. 6.262 τὴν πόλιν ἣν πατρίδα καὶ τροφὸν τῶν ἱερέων καὶ προφητῶν αὐτόθι τὸ θεῖον ἐπελέξατο καὶ μόνην εἰς τὸ τοιούτους φέρειν ἄνδρας ἀπέδειξε

the city which the Divine chose (to be) property and sustenance for priests and prophets there and He displayed (as) the only (place) for bearing such men

I have included this here as a substantive adjective, and again, the infinitive has a purpose idea.

A.J. 7.165 τοῦ δὲ Ἀμνῶνος ὁμολογήσαντος τὸ πάθος ὅτι τῆς ἀδελφῆς ἐρᾷ τυγχανούσης ὁμοπατρίας ὁδὸν αὐτῷ καὶ μηχανὴν εἰς τὸ περιγενέσθαι τῶν εὐκταίων ὑπέθετο (or purpose)

And Amnon confessing his passion, that he loves his sister, having the same father, (Jonadab) presented to him a way and method for obtaining the desires.

The infinitive does not give the purpose of the presentation but the purpose of the method. It modifies the noun and is thus epexegetical with a purpose idea.

Greek:

Polyb. 1.41.2 ἐπερρώσθησαν διὰ ταῦτα κατὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρόθεσιν εἰς τὸ μετὰ στόλου καὶ ναυτικῆς δυνάμεως τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ἐπὶ τὰς πράξεις ἐκπέμπειν

They were encouraged because of these according to the purpose from beginning for sending out the soldiers toward acting with a force of fleet and naval.

Polyb. 2.46.3 καὶ τοὺς πρότερον κατὰ τῶν μηδὲν ἀδικούντων πᾶσαν ἱκανὴν ποιουμένους πρόφασιν εἰς τὸ πολεμεῖν διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν

and those formerly because of greed making every sufficient excuse for making war against the (ones) harming no one

Polyb. 5.36.8 διὸ καὶ τότε μάλιστα παρέστησε τῷ τε βασιλεῖ καὶ τοῖς φίλοις ὁρμὴν οὗτος εἰς τὸ προκαταλαβέσθαι καὶ συγκλεῖσαι τὸν Κλεομένην.

Therefore and then especially, this one presented to the kind and friends an eagerness with reference to seizing and enclosing Cleomenes.

Diod. 1.34.5 ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν εἰς τὸ ζῆν ἀναγκαίων οὐκ ὀλίγα φέρουσι βοηθήματα

but also they carry not a few resources of the other necessary (things) for living

Substantival adjective.

Ench. 14.2 κύριος ἑκάστου ἐστὶν ὁ τῶν ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου θελομένων ἢ μὴ θελομένων ἔχων τὴν ἐξουσίαν εἰς τὸ περιποιῆσαι ἢ ἀφελέσθαι.

The one having authority for securing or taking away the (things) being desired or not desired by that (one) is master of each (one).

Leuc. Clit. 6.17.5 λόγος γὰρ ἐλπίδος εἰς τὸ τυχεῖν ἔρωτος ἐς πειθὼ ῥᾴδιος

for the word of hope for obtaining love (is) easy for persuasion

Leuc. Clit. 7.2.3 ἐπεὶ φάρμακον αὐτῷ τῆς ὧν ἔπαθε λύπης ἡ πρὸς ἄλλον εἰς τὸ παθεῖν κοινωνία

since fellowship in suffering with another (is) medicine to him for grief which he suffers

1 Clem. 63:4 τοῦτο δὲ ἐποιήσαμεν ἵνα εἰδῆτε ὅτι πᾶσα ἡμῖν φροντὶς καὶ γέγονεν καὶ ἔστιν εἰς τὸ ἐν τάχει ὑμᾶς εἰρηνεῦσαι

And we did this in order that you might know that every thought to us both has become and is for you living peaceably quickly.

It provides the content of their thought and care. Even with an explicit copula, the infinitive modifies the subject as reference or epexegetical.

2 Clem. 16:1 Ὥστε ἀδελφοί ἀφορμὴν λαβόντες οὐ μικρὰν εἰς τὸ μετανοῆσαι καιρὸν ἔχοντες ἐπιστρέψωμεν ἐπὶ τὸν καλέσαντα ἡμᾶς θεόν

Therefore, brothers, receiving no small opportunity for repentance, having time, let us turn toward God who called us.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

LXX (translated):

*Exod 38:19 οὗτος ἐποίησεν καὶ τοὺς κρίκους τῆς σκηνῆς χρυσοῦς καὶ τοὺς κρίκους τῆς αὐλῆς καὶ κρίκους εἰς τὸ ἐκτείνειν τὸ κατακάλυμμα ἄνωθεν χαλκοῦς.

This one made also the rings of gold for the tent and the rings of the courtyard and rings of bronze for stretching the covering above.

The infinitive probably gives the purpose of “making” these particular rings, but it could modify the “rings” to a greater extent.

3. Epexegetical/Reference (Adjective)

Definition

Translation Aids

Clarification

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Hab 1:8 καὶ ἐξιππάσονται οἱ ἱππεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁρμήσουσι μακρόθεν καὶ πετασθήσονται ὡς ἀετὸς πρόθυμος εἰς τὸ φαγεῖν.

And his horses will ride away and they will rush from far off, and they will spread wide as an eagle eager to eat.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

*Spec. 1.165 πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ βιωφελέστατα τῶν ζῴων ἐστί· … βόες δὲ εἰς τὸ ἀρόσαι γῆν καὶ προετοιμάσασθαι πρὸς σπόρον

And to these, (they) are also most useful of living (creatures): … and oxen for plowing and preparing the land beforehand for seed.

It modifies the adjective assumed in the second half of the sentence. The infinitives give the areas in which oxen are useful.

Greek:

Diod. 2.6.6 αὕτη δ᾽ ἦν εὔχρηστος αὐτῇ πρός τε τὰς ἐν τοῖς καύμασιν ὁδοιπορίας εἰς τὸ διατηρῆσαι τὸν τοῦ σώματος χρῶτα καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐν τῷ πράττειν ὃ βούλοιτο χρείας

And this was useful to her for both walking in the heart, for keeping the skin of the body, and for the needs which she might desire while doing

Diod. 5.38.3 δεινοὶ γάρ, ὡς ἔοικεν, ὑπῆρξαν οἱ Φοίνικες ἐκ παλαιῶν χρόνων εἰς τὸ κέρδος εὑρεῖν, οἱ δ᾽ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰταλίας εἰς τὸ μηδὲν μηδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων καταλιπεῖν.

For the Phoenicians from ancient times, as it appears, were clever in finding gain, and those from Italy in leaving nothing behind for none of the others.

This explains the realm or manner in which they were clever. This almost has a means idea, but it’s hard to “be” by doing something else. It is better to see the infinitive as modifying the adjective.

Chaer. 2.9.1 ὅτι καιρὸς ἐπιτήδειος πέφηνεν εἰς τὸ κατεργάσασθαι τὸν ἔρωτα τῷ δεσπότῃ

that the time suitable for accomplishing the love of the master has appeared

Chaer. 6.1.3–4 χρηστὸν δὲ Διονυσίῳ πρόσεστιν εἰς τὸ 4νικᾶν ὅτι καὶ τέκνον ἔχουσι κοινόν.

And that they have a common child is useful to Dionsysius for prevailing.

Ign. Smyrn. 11:3 θέλουσιν γὰρ ὑμῖν εὖ πράσσειν θεὸς ἕτοιμος εἰς τὸ παρέχειν

For when you are desiring to do well, God (is) ready to to supply (you).

Herm. Vis. 3 1:2 ἐνδεὴς εἶ καὶ σπουδαῖος εἰς τὸ γνῶναι πάντα

you are deficient and eager to know all things

4. Spatial/Location

Definition

These infinitives provide the sphere or realm within which the main verb exists. As Hewlett states, the verbal nature of infinitives requires the “location” to be metaphorical.

Translation Aids

Some spatial prepositions are appropriate to indicate this function: “in, into, at.”

Clarification

I have made this function distinct from a few others as follows. First, this category contains the realm within which an action occurs, not the goal to which the main verb is intended (e.g., purpose, directional purpose). These others indicate the intended target, while “Location” implies the realm has been reached. Second, this is distinct from “Reference” as Wallace explains in his discussion of the dative case. “In general, it is safe to say that the dative of reference views the word to which the dative stands related as detached or separated somehow from the dative, while the dative of sphere views the word to which the dative stands related as incorporated within the realm of the dative.”

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 43:21 ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα ἤλθομεν εἰς τὸ καταλῦσαι καὶ ἠνοίξαμεν τοὺς μαρσίππους ἡμῶν

and it occurred when we came to lodging and we opened our sacks

This could be directional purpose, but it more describes reaching the destination, not the goal for which they aimed.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

*Opif. 1.81 δῆλον γὰρ ὡς εὐμαρέστερον τοῦ τὰ μὴ ὄντα εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγεῖν τὸ τὴν ἐκ τῶν ὄντων φορὰν ἄνευ τέχνης γεωργικῆς ἐπιδαψιλεύσασθαι.

For that giving freely the produce from which exists without the craft of farming (is) easier than bringing what does not exist into being (is) evident.

These Philo examples could be purpose or result, but the point is that one is bringing something which does not exist into existence. It emphasizes the sphere of “being.”

Mos. 2.100 καὶ ποιητής ἐστιν ἀψευδῶς, ἐπειδὴ τὰ μὴ ὄντα ἤγαγεν εἰς τὸ εἶναι

and he is Maker truly, since he brought the things not existing into being

Mos. 2.267 καθάπερ γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι τὸ τελειότατον ἔργον, τὸν κόσμον, ἀνέφηνε

for just as he revealed the most perfect work, the world, from not being into being

In this case there is even a contrasting sphere phrase with ἐκ.

Decal. 1.111 διότι τοὺς ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγόντας καὶ κατὰ τοῦτο μιμησαμένους θεὸν οὐ περιέπουσι

because they do not treat well those leading from not existing into being and imitating God according to this

Spec. 2.2 ἀπεικονίσματα γὰρ οὗτοί γε καὶ μιμήματα θείας δυνάμεώς εἰσι, τοὺς μὴ ὄντας εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγόντες.

For these are representations and imitations of divine power, leading the (beings) not existing into being.

Spec. 2.225 θείας δ᾽ ὅτι γεγεννήκασι καὶ τὰ μὴ ὄντα εἰς τὸ εἶναι παρήγαγον

and of divine (nature), because they have given birth and led the (things) not existing into being

Spec. 4.187 τὰ γὰρ μὴ ὄντα ἐκάλεσεν εἰς τὸ εἶναι τάξιν ἐξ ἀταξίας … ἐργασάμενος

for he called the (things) not existing into being, order from disorder … producing

Greek:

Herm. Mand. 1 1:1 πίστευσον ὅτι εἷς ἐστιν ὁ θεός ὁ τὰ πάντα κτίσας καὶ καταρτίσας καὶ ποιήσας ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι τὰ πάντα.

You must believe that God is one, who created and finished all things, and made all things from not existing into being.

This parallels Philo’s examples. I’m tempted to make this actual result (or perhaps purpose) but the phrasing matches Philo’s even with the ἐκ phrase, so this has to be labeled the same.

5. Directional Purpose

Definition

The simple genitive of direction/destination/purpose is rare, but the infinitival structure is fairly common. “Technically, there are really two subgroups that share the idea of movement toward an end … Thus, one kind involves intention, the other mere direction (or sometimes even tendency).” The former kind is designated purpose. In this category, though, the infinitive sometimes explains where the action of the main verb is directed. The two are sometimes closely linked and difficult to separate.

Translation Aids

The reader may be able to insert words such as “toward” or “in the direction of” before the infinitive.

Clarification

This function of the infinitive somewhat serves as the linchpin between purpose and location infinitives. The infinitival clause has an attainable destination in view, though metaphorical in nature. In addition, reaching that goal is intended by the subject of the infinitive. Hewlett describes this function as follows: “After figurative expressions of motion, impelling, inciting, [an infinitive] signifies the end to which the motion is directed.” Often this type of infinitive is found with intransitive uses of verbs, though this is clearly not always the case. Some may argue against this separate category, preferring to combine the examples with those of purpose, location, or even indirect discourse. The difficulties come, as in other categories, from transitivity of verbs and how one classifies the accusative substantive.

The lexemes of verbs with this type of infinitive are most commonly verbs of turning, leading, or hastening. In addition, the main verb and infinitive often appear to reference a single effort toward one event or goal. There is a close connection between them, while other purpose infinitives are often a distinct action from the main verb. WORK ON PATTERNS

Clear Examples

Jewish:

T. Iss. 5:3 ὑπόθετε τὸν νῶτον ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ γεωργεῖν καὶ ἐργάζεσθε ἐν ἔργοις γῆς καθ᾽ ἑκάστην γεωργίαν, δῶρα μετ᾽ εὐχαριστίας κυρίῳ προσφέροντες·

Offer your back to farming and work with the works of the earth in each kind of agriculture

Charlesworth, 1:803, says “Bend your back in farming.” This is not strictly purpose, or reference, but a metaphorical instruction to get involved in farming.

*T. Ab. 14:2A καὶ οὔτε εἰς κρίσιν ἐξέδοτο αὐτὴν οὔτε εἰς τὸ σώζεσθαι

he also gave it up neither to judgment nor to being saved

This may not be a clear example, but the parallel noun phrase seems to balance location and purpose. The εἰς phrases explain further the handing over, not a separate action.

T. Ab. 14:4A Ἐὰν κτήσηται μία δικαιοσύνην ὑπεράνω τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἔρχεται εἰς τὸ σώζεσθαι.

If it acquires one righteous deed more than sins, it comes toward being saved.

This is motion verb, but the intent is not in the agent’s mind. This is close to location, but the passive infinitive keeps the action moving.

Let. Aris. 1:244 γινώσκων ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἀφαιρεῖται τὰς εὐημερίας, ἑτέρους δὲ δοξάζων εἰς τὸ τιμᾶσθαι προάγει.

knowing that God takes away prosperity, and glorifying others, he leads (them) towards being honored

These are not two different actions, but a verb directed towards another action.

A.J. 5.135 στάσις αὐτοὺς πάλιν καταλαμβάνει δεινὴ καὶ προήχθησαν εἰς τὸ πολεμεῖν ἀλλήλοις ἐκ τοιαύτης αἰτίας

Rebellion overtook them again terribly, and they were led forward to making war against one another by such a cause.

This could give the extent of the rebellion, but not of the “leading.”

Greek:

Leuc. Clit. 4.8.5 Ἐρῶν γάρ τις, εἰς ὅσον μὲν ἔχει τὴν ἐλπίδα τοῦ τυχεῖν, φέρει, εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ τυχεῖν ἀποτεινόμενος.

For someone of love, endures, as long as he has hope of succeeding, extending toward succeeding itself.

This could be merely purpose, but the verb and infinitive seem more closely linked. Purpose generally has one action performed with intentions for another action.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

*3 Macc. 1:27 ταῦτα οὖν καὶ οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν ὄντες θεωροῦντες ἐτράπησαν εἰς τὸ σὺν τοῖς ἡμετέροις ἐπικαλεῖσθαι τὸν πᾶν κράτος ἔχοντα τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐπαμῦναι

Then those being around him and seeing these things turned with our (people) toward calling on the one having all power to help in present circumstances

This could be purpose, though the turning and calling seem more directly linked.

A.J. 4.195 ὡς ἅπαντα τὸν λαὸν εἰς δάκρυα προπεσόντα κρεῖττον καὶ τῆς ἐκ λόγου παρηγορίας τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ ποιῆσαι πάθος

so that all the people fell into tears and (into) making an emotion for him greater than even the comfort of a word

The infinitive could be viewed as directional purpose or location. On the other hand, the article may govern πάθος and thus not be an articular infinitive.

6. Indirect Discourse

Definition

In reality this is a further subcategory of infinitives of direct object. These infinitives receive the action of the main verb, though the lexical range of the main verbs are now narrowed. In these cases, the infinitive provides the content of what is communicated or perceived.

Translation Aids

The infinitive can either be translated as a gerund or with the regular “to X.”

Clarification

The only distinction between these infinitives and those as direct object is the lexical value of the main verb. These verbs are typically described as those of communication or perception (e.g., ἐρωτάω, λέγω, παραγγέλλω, παρακαλέω). “Indirect discourse” indicates an original message or thought is being related to the reader in narrative form. “The infinitive in indirect discourse represents a finite verb in the direct discourse. The interpreter has to reconstruct the supposed direct discourse.” For example, if a father told his daughter, “I love you,” she could relate that information to someone else by saying, “Daddy said that he loved me” (or, in the infinitival form, “Daddy said to love me”). Thus, the direct message has been transformed into an indirect form. Examples are much more frequent with simple infinitives, but the following examples demonstrate this function occurs in other forms.

The reader must be careful to distinguish the infinitive of indirect discourse from a possible “subject infinitive” of the indirect discourse infinitive. For this category, the infinitive . Verbs of perception or communication without an entire subsequent clause merely have a direct object infinitive. Consider the following examples:

“He considered walking in the park.”

This sentence would contain a direct object clause.

“He considered walking in the park to be beneficial to his health.”

The infinitival form “to be” would be an infinitive of indirect discourse.

“He considered walking in the park beneficial to his health.”

For this project, I have labeled “walking in the park” as the direct object and “beneficial to his health” as the object complement, demanding a logical connector (e.g., “as”). Though equative verbs (e.g., εἰμί) are regularly elided from sentences, and it is possible that the main verb of the direct discourse was εἰμί, it is easier to label the syntax according to categories that fit the existent data (e.g., double accusative of object-complement) without inserting elided elements.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

*3 Macc. 7:3 τῶν φίλων τινὲς … συνέπεισαν ἡμᾶς εἰς τὸ τοὺς ὑπὸ τὴν βασιλείαν Ιουδαίους συναθροίσαντας σύστημα κολάσασθαι ξενιζούσαις ἀποστατῶν τιμωρίαις

Some of (our) friends … persuaded us, after gathering the Jews under the kingdom together as a community, to chasten them with unusual punishments of traitors

This depends on whether I branch out “perception” verbs to “persuasion.”

*4 Macc. 8:12 ἐκέλευσεν εἰς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν τιθέναι τὰ βασανιστήρια

He commanded bringing forth the instruments of torture.

Virt. 1.122 παραινῶν τοῖς τυγχάνουσι τῆς διακονίας εἰς τὸ τῆς τύχης ἀτέκμαρτον ἀφορᾶν καὶ λαμβάνειν αἰδῶ τῆς μεταβολῆς

advising those obtaining the ministry to look towards the unexpected misfortune, and to take regard of the transition

Greek:

Polyb. 3.49.9 καὶ παρακαλοῦντος εἰς τὸ συμπρᾶξαι καὶ συμπεριποιῆσαι τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτῷ

and encouraging toward helping and helping procure the rule for him

Herm. Vis. 3 5:4 νουθετοῦνται δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀγγέλων εἰς τὸ ἀγαθοποιεῖν διότι οὐχ εὑρέθη ἐν αὐτοῖς πονηρία

But they are admonished by angels to do good, because evil was not found in them.

7. Reference/Epexegetical (Verb)

Definition

“Epexegetical” describes the aspect of these infinitives that explains, clarifies, or further defines the state or action of the verb. “Reference” indicates these infinitives qualify a statement that would otherwise not be true. They provide the realm within which the main clause is accurate.

Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “with reference to,” “regarding,” or “about.”

Clarification

Epexegetical or reference infinitive more commonly modify substantives or adjectives, but these infinitives further explain either an adjectival nuance of the main verb or qualify the verb to make it accurate.

Originally (and traditionally), the examples with δύναμαι were placed in a separate category of “complementary infinitives.” These are typically defined as infinitives that supplement or complete the main verb to form a single predicate idea. These are distinct from direct objects, in that they are necessary for the verb to convey a complete idea. Boyer follows the traditional route of widening the categories of verbs under this type of infinitive (e.g., will or desire, pleasing, shaming, seeking, beginning, fearing, allowing, finding, owing). However, some of these can take regular direct objects or function intransitively and do not demand an infinitive. As a result, the only verb I had listed with genitive articular complementary infinitives was δύναμαι. One could correctly argue, though, that “being able” focuses on an adjectival idea, and the infinitive should thus be epexegetical to the verb. This finds support in places where δύναμαι is used intransitively without an infinitive (though one could easily be supplied from the context; cf. LSJ, 452). Therefore, the few examples of δύναμαι with a genitive articular infinitive (which happen to occur only in sources of Jewish background) have been listed here, implying the infinitive does not have to be viewed as completing the verb but offers an explanation of the subject’s ability.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Decal. 1.167 πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα προστέτακται, νέοις μὲν εἰς ἀποδοχὴν γήρως, … ἄρξασι δὲ δωρεῶν εἰς τὸ μὴ ζητεῖν καθάπερ ἐν δανείοις ἀπόδοσιν (or indirect discourse)

And many other (things) have been commanded, indeed to the young for acceptance of elderly … and to those beginning gifts for not seeking repayment as with debts

This is a list of commands to different groups, each having an εἰς phrase of reference. With those who begin giving gifts, Philo shifts to an infinitive form, but the parallels confirm this is reference. In essense, these phrases and this clause is the subject of an assumed προστετακται. One could argue the infinitive modifies πολλα and so be epexegetical to a substantive, but the function does not change.

Greek:

P. Oxy. 3264.7, 15–17 πρὸς τὸ ἐπιδοθὲν Κλαυδίωι … περὶ τοῦ διεσκεπακέναι αὐτ[ὸν] ἄλλους ἄνδρας ἐννέα ὁμοίως εἰς τὸ μὴ ἀπεργάσασθαι

to that which was given to Claudius … concerning him (Diogenes) likewise hiding nine other men for not completing (their) work

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Greek:

*Barn. 19:10 καὶ ἐκζητήσεις καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν τὰ πρόσωπα τῶν ἁγίων ἢ διὰ λόγου κοπιῶν καὶ πορευόμενος εἰς τὸ παρακαλέσαι καὶ μελετῶν εἰς τὸ σῶσαι ψυχὴν τῷ λόγῳ

And you will seek out each day the faces of saints, whether laboring through word, or going for encouragement, and practicing for saving the soul with a word.

The first infinitive is clearly purpose. The transitivity and meaning of the second participle is uncertain. If it is intransitive, it could be purpose of reference. If it is transitive, the infinitive almost carries a direct object nuance (taking a genitive’s typical function).

8. Actual Result

Definition

The infinitive offers the result of the main verb without mentioning if the result was intended by the subject.

Translation Aids

It is difficult to insert a phrase of result without implying intentionality. One of the following may be helpful: “with the result that, so that.”

Clarification

Throughout this project I have attempted to maintain Votaw’s distinct definition. “The result is viewed as having come to pass (applicable to past, rarely to present, time).” In this way actual result is divided from hypothetical or epexegetical result clauses. Again, the most difficult distinction to make is between purpose and result infinitives. The infinitive may provide the outcome or effect of the main verb without emphasizing any degree of intentionality. However, intentional action is sometimes unexplained, allowing for exegetical discussion regarding purpose and result infinitives.

For εἰς, Allen also lists Polyb. 12.26.4.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Sib. Or. 5:330–31 ταύτην γὰρ πρώτην ἔγνως, θεός, ἐν χαρίτεσσιν 331ἐς τὸ δοκεῖν προχάρισμα τεὸν πάντεσσι βροτοῖσιν

For you knew this one first, God, with favors, so that she seemed (to be) your special gift to all men

This is a good example, but it could be Result of Degree or even purpose.

*Let. Aris. 1:164 πάντα γὰρ λυμαίνονται καὶ κακοποιοῦσι μύες … εἰς τὸ παντελῶς ἄχρηστον γίνεσθαι ἀνθρώπῳ, ὅ τι ἄν δή ποτ᾽ οὖν ἐπιβάληται κακοποιεῖν.

For mice ruin and defile all things … so that whatever falls in their way to defile becomes completely useless for human beings.

This is a very good possible example for Result of Degree. Charlesworth, 2:23, even translates “to the extent of.”

Greek:

Polyb. 2.13.4 εὑρόντες δὲ σφᾶς ἐπικεκοιμημένους ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν χρόνοις καὶ προειμένους εἰς τὸ μεγάλην χεῖρα κατασκευάσασθαι Καρχηδονίους, ἀνατρέχειν ἐπειρῶντο κατὰ δύναμιν.

And finding them having slept in the prior times and letting go so that Carthaginians preparing great band, they attempted according to ability to rise quickly.

This is clearly not intentional.

9. Hypothetical Result

Definition

As Votaw states, this category claims “the result is the natural or probable consequence which would follow upon a given cause, though this result is not distinctly viewed as having come to pass (applicable to past, present or future—generally future—time)”

Translation Aids

The translation of the infinitive remains the same as actual result (e.g., “so that, with the result that”). However, one could insert a word of hesitancy as well (e.g., “may, would”).

Clarification

These result infinitives indicate something would happen if an action were to be done. This applies to conditional sentences, future actions, and commands. Wallace makes the following distinction between the two main types of result. “The result infinitive may be used to indicate either actual or natural result. Actual result is indicated in the context as having occurred; natural result is what is assumed to take place at a time subsequent to that indicated in the context.”

Clear Examples

Greek:

*1 Clem. 65:1 ἡμῖν εἰρήνην καὶ ὁμόνοιαν ἀπαγγέλλωσιν εἰς τὸ τάχιον καὶ ἡμᾶς χαρῆναι περὶ τῆς εὐσταθείας ὑμῶν

they might declare peace and harmony to us so that we also might rejoice quickly concerning your stability

The author calls for messengers to be sent back so that they can hear a report. The result of this report would be rejoicing. The infinitive could modify the main imperative ἀναπέμψατε, but it seems more to modify the first purpose clause, giving the result that would occur if the command was obeyed. This is not certain, though.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

Spec. 4.57 καὶ ἀναλαμβάνῃ ἅμα τῇ ψήφῳ σύνεσιν μὲν εἰς τὸ μὴ ἀπατᾶσθαι, δικαιοσύνην δὲ εἰς τὴν τῶν κατ᾽ ἀξίαν ἐπιβαλλόντων ἑκάστοις ἀπονομήν(or some type of result)

and if he takes up wisdom with the pebble for not being deceived, and righteousness for the distribution of shares to each one according to worth

It is possible the wisdom would hypothetically result in not being deceived, but the following εἰς phrase(s) indicate the purpose of picking up these abstract qualities is for intended results.

Greek:

Diatr. 3.12.11 εἶτα καὶ οἰναρίῳ κομψῶς χρῆσθαι, μὴ εἰς τὸ πολὺ πίνειν (καὶ γὰρ περὶ τοῦτο ἐπαρίστεροι ἀσκηταί εἰσιν), ἀλλὰ πρῶτον εἰς τὸ ἀποσχέσθαι, καὶ κορασιδίου ἀπέχεσθαι καὶ πλακουνταρίου.

Then also (you must practice) using bad wine cleverly, not for drinking much (for even concerning this fools are experienced), but first for keeping away from (it), and for keeping away from a maiden and pastry cake.

It is unclear how these three are functioning, and what word they modify. They could modify the assumed imperative from verse ten or the simple infinitive “using.” It is also unclear if they are all parallel with the same function. The first, regardless of modified word, seems to be reference or means, offering the realm or process by which one uses wine wisely. This could also be hypothetical result.

The latter two are parallel, and could either hold referential, hypothetical result, or purpose nuances. These are perhaps most likely to give the purpose of using wine wisely.

1 Clem. 60:3 δέσποτα ἐπίφανον τὸ πρόσωπόν σου ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς εἰς ἀγαθὰ ἐν εἰρήνῃ εἰς τὸ σκεπασθῆναι ἡμᾶς τῇ χειρί σου τῇ κραταιᾷ καὶ ῥυσθῆναι ἀπὸ πάσης ἁμαρτίας τῷ βραχίονί σου τῷ ὑψηλῷ

Master, shine your face on us for good in peace, for us being protected by your mighty hand and rescued from every sin by your exalted arm.

Most imperatives probably take a purpose infinitive, which is what these are most likely. Yet, it is possible that the “protecting” and “rescuing” are either evidence of His face’s shining on them (i.e., logical result) or something that would naturally result if His face were to shine (i.e., hypothetical result).

Ign. Rom. 1:2 ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἀρχὴ εὐοικονόμητός ἐστιν ἐάνπερ χάριτος ἐπιτύχω εἰς τὸ τὸν κλῆρόν μου ἀνεμποδίστως ἀπολαβεῖν

For indeed the beginning is well ordered, if I attain grace for receiving my lot without hindrance.

This could modify and describe the kind of “grace” sought (i.e., epexegetical). Otherwise, this is a future conditional result that would come from receiving such grace.

Did. 11:2 ἐὰν δὲ αὐτὸς ὁ διδάσκων στραφεὶς διδάσκῃ ἄλλην διδαχὴν εἰς τὸ καταλῦσαι μὴ αὐτοῦ ἀκούσητε εἰς δὲ τὸ προσθεῖναι δικαιοσύνην καὶ γνῶσιν κυρίου δέξασθε αὐτὸν ὡς κύριον.

But if the one teaching, turning, himself teaches another doctrine to abolish (this), you must not hear him; but if (he teaches) for adding righteousness and knowledge of the Lord, you must receive him as the Lord.

The second is most likely purpose. The first infinitive is probably the same, since most false teachers did not malignantly. It is possible, though, that these infinitives (perhaps the first more) is hypothetical result, since it has not happened.

10. Cause (Reason)

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Greek:

P. Oxy. 3264.7, 11–14 πρὸς τὸ ἐπιδοθὲν Κλαυδίωι … περὶ τοῦ εἰληφέναι αὐτὸν παρὰ ἀνδρῶν πεντήκοντα ἑνὸς ἐκ (δραχμῶν) δ εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐργάσασθαι αὐτοῦς εἰς τὰ δημόσια χώματα τὴν πενταναυβίαν

to that which was given to Claudius … concerning him (Diogenes) taking from fifty-one men four drachmas for them not performing the five-naubia duty on the dykes

This occurs in the same context as P. Oxy. 3264.17 (reference), but this has a different meaning. Diogenes took money from some because they were not working.

ἐπὶ τό + Infinitive

1. Directional Purpose

Definition

Translation Aids

The reader may be able to insert words such as “toward” or “in the direction of” before the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Let. Aris. 1:108 ταύταις συμβέβηκεν εὐανδρεῖν, ἀμελεῖσθαι δὲ τῆς χώρας, πάντων ἐπὶ τὸ κατὰ ψυχὴν ἱλαροῦσθαι νενευκότων

abundance of men and neglecting the field happens to these, because all have inclined toward gladdening each soul

This could be purpose, but the motion seems to imply direction towards a goal.

Let. Aris. 1:247 Συγκροτήσας πάντας τ᾽ ἐπαινέσας κατ᾽ ὄνομα, καὶ τῶν παρόντων ταὐτὰ ποιούντων, ἐπὶ τὸ μέλπειν ἐτράπησαν.

After applauding all and praising each by name, and those present doing these things, they turned toward celebrating.

Helpful for the previous examples of εἰς infinitives with the same verb.

Let. Aris. 1:270 ὃς γὰρ ἐπὶ τὸ πλεονεκτεῖν ὁρμᾶται προδότης πέφυκε.

For who hastens toward surpassing (others) has fled as a traitor.

Spec. 3.80 ἐὰν διάζευξιν τεχνάζωσι μηδεμίαν ἀπαλλαγῆς πρόφασιν ἀνευρίσκοντες εἶτ᾽ ἐπὶ τὸ συκοφαντεῖν τραπόμενοι

if they contrive a parting (i.e., divorce), finding no pretext of separation, then turning toward defrauding

C. Ap. 1.24 οἱ γὰρ ἐπὶ τὸ γράφειν ὁρμήσαντες οὐ περὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐσπούδασαν

For those rushing toward writing (history) were not eager concerning the truth

*C. Ap. 1.25 ἡρμόζοντο τινὲς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ μυθολογεῖν τραπόμενοι … ἄλλοι δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ κατηγορεῖν τῶν πράξεων ἢ τῶν γεγραφότων ἐχώρησαν

Some indeed suited themselves, turning toward writing myths … but others advanced toward accusing practices or those having written

Greek:

Polyb. 1.20.7 ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὸ συνεμβαίνειν τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις εἰς τὴν θάλατταν.

They hastened toward travelling as the Carthaginians on the sea.

Polyb. 2.39.5 ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὸ μιμηταὶ γενέσθαι τῆς πολιτείας αὐτῶν

They hastened toward becoming imitators of their cities.

Amat. narr. 17.6 καὶ κατιδὼν τὴν μητέρα ὥρμησεν ἐπὶ τὸ διεργάσασθαι αὐτήν.

And seeing (his) mother, he hastened toward killing her.

Nat. d. 34.8 ἐξ οὗ τινες προήχθησαν ἐπὶ τὸ καὶ θυσίαις αὐτὴν ἀτόποις καὶ σφαγιασμοῖς ἀνθρώπων ἱλάσκεσθαι θέλειν

from which some were led toward desiring to satisfy her with special sacrifices and slayings of men

Diatr. 1.12.8 ὁ δὲ παιδευόμενος ταύτην ὀφείλει τὴν ἐπιβολὴν ἔχων ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τὸ παιδεύεσθαι

And the one being instructed ought to come toward being instructed having this purpose.

Diatr. 2.6.10 καὶ γὰρ ὁ πούς, εἰ φρένας εἶχεν, ὥρμα ἂν ἐπὶ τὸ πηλοῦσθαι.

For even the foot, if it had purposes, would hasten toward being covered with mud.

Diatr. 2.7.9 τί οὖν ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ τὸ οὕτω συνεχῶς μαντεύεσθαι ἄγει;

What then leads us toward prophesying thus continuously?

Diatr. 2.21.6 ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν πλείστων ἁμαρτημάτων κατὰ τοῦτο μάλιστα φέρονται ἐπὶ τὸ ὁμολογεῖν αὐτά

Now with most sins, according to this especially they are brought toward confessing them.

Diatr. 3.15.5 ταῦτα λογισάμενος, ἂν ἔτι θέλῃς, ἔρχου ἐπὶ τὸ ἀθλεῖν.

Considering these things, if you still desire, you must go toward contending.

Ench. 29.3 ταῦτα ἐπισκεψάμενος, ἂν ἔτι θέλῃς, ἔρχου ἐπὶ τὸ ἀθλεῖν.

Observing these things, if you still wish, you must go toward contending.

The imperative implies the reader has not done it yet. The verb implies the act of going, not “entering.”

Cf. Polyb.; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth. 55 [3x]; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr. 3.22.67; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. .

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

A.J. 6.80 καὶ γὰρ εἴ τινες ἦσαν οἳ πρότερον αὐτοῦ κατεφρόνουν τότε μετέστησαν ἐπὶ τὸ τιμᾶν καὶ πάντων ἄριστον νομίζειν

for even though some were formerly condemning him, then they changed toward honoring and considering (him) best of all (men)

The main verb is not as clear as the others. The other good option is simply purpose.

Greek:

Nat. d. 3.3 διὰ τὸ τηνικαῦτα ὑφίστασθαι τὸν αἰθέρα καὶ τὸν ἀέρα, ἡνίκ’ ἂν ἐκ πυρὸς κινῆται ἡ φύσις ἐπὶ τὸ κραίνειν καὶ ἀποτελεῖν τὰ ὄντα

because at that time aether and air is brought about, whenever nature is stirred by of fire to accomplish and complete the things existing

Otherwise, this is purpose. What causes my placing it here possibly is the main verb of movement. The actions of the main verb and infinitive are more closely linked than a general purpose.

2. Purpose

Definition

Translation Aids

Some key phrases that introduce purpose clauses are “in order that/to,” “so that,” or “on behalf of.”

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 1.91 μετὰ δὲ ἡμέρας ἑπτὰ περιστερὰν ἐπὶ τό γνῶναι τὰ περὶ τὴν γῆν προύπεμψεν

And after seven days, he sent forth a dove for knowing the (things) concerning the land.

Greek:

*Diatr. 1.28.24 ὅτ᾽ ἐπελάθετο ὅτι πάρεστιν οὐκ ἐπὶ τὸ ἐρωμένας κτᾶσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τὸ πολεμεῖν

when he forgot that he is not arriving for acquiring lovers but for making war

Diatr. 3.24.2 ὁ γὰρ θεὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἐπὶ τὸ εὐδαιμονεῖν, ἐπὶ τὸ εὐσταθεῖν ἐποίησεν.

For God made all men for prospering, for enjoying tranquility.

3. Epexegetical/Reference (Substantive)

Definition

Translation Aids

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 5.236 τὰ δένδρα τῆς ἐπὶ τό ἄρχεσθαι φροντίδος οὐκ ἀπελείπετο

the trees did not abandon the thought to be ruled

The infinitive contains the content of the thought.

Greek:

Diatr. 4.4.11 οὐχὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τὸ βιοῦν παρασκευή τίς ἐστιν αὕτη;

For why is this not preparation for living?

4. Spatial/Location

Definition

These infinitives provide the sphere or realm within which the main verb exists. As Hewlett states, the verbal nature of infinitives requires the “location” to be metaphorical.

Translation Aids

Some spatial prepositions are appropriate to indicate this function: “in, into, at.”

Clarification

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Greek:

Polyb. 3.6.7 δι’ ὧν ἐπὶ τὸ κρῖναί τι καὶ προθέσθαι παραγινόμεθα

through which we arrive at judging something and setting before

The verb has the sense of arrival, not approaching or travelling. This seems to indicate a final destination, but it could be subsumed under directional purpose due to lack of other examples.

κατὰ τό + Infinitive (8)

κατά only takes the accusative case with infinitives in the studied sources, and generally in this case, the preposition can take distinct nuances, including downward motion, “against,” distributive action, conformity/standard, reference (“concerning”), and approximation (BDAG, 511–13).

1. Reference/Epexegetical

Definition

LSJ (883) links reference, correspondence, and causal uses under one label, whereas I have divided the infinitival uses into two major categories. In this instance the infinitive and modified word correspond to one another on some level.

Two books in library on Greek prepositions.

Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “with reference to,” “regarding,” or “about.”

Clarification

I have combined both substantives and verbs under this heading. Should I split them?

Clear Examples

Jewish:

*Decal. 1.101 ἐξομοιοῦντες θνητὴν φύσιν ὡς ἔνεστιν ἀθανάτῳ κατὰ τὸ λέγειν καὶ πράττειν ἃ χρή

making the mortal nature similar to the immortal, as it is possible, with reference to speaking and doing what is necessary

Praem. 1.70 θανάτου γὰρ διττὸν εἶδος· τὸ μὲν κατὰ τὸ τεθνάναι, ὅπερ ἀγαθόν ἐστιν ἢ ἀδιάφορον, τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὸ ἀποθνῄσκειν, ὃ δὴ κακὸν πάντως

for the nature of death is two-fold; on the one hand, the (kind) with reference to having died, which is good or indifferent, and on the other hand, the (kind) with reference to dying, which is always evil

e. Possible Examples

Greek:

*Nat. d. 33.3 διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ δράκοντα αὐτῷ παριστᾶσιν, ἐμφαίνοντες ὅτι ὅμοιόν τι τούτῳ πάσχουσιν οἱ χρώμενοι τῇ ἰατρικῇ κατὰ τὸ οἱονεὶ ἀνανεάζειν ἐκ τῶν νόσων καὶ ἐκδύεσθαι τὸ γῆρας

For because of this, they present him as a snake, demonstrating that those who use medical practices experience something similar to this one corresponding to becoming new again so it seems from sicknesses and taking off old age.

This text could be taken as Reference, in that those who use medicine experience something like the snake with reference to taking off old age and becoming young again. It could also have a more strict sense of Standard or Comparison, for that is what the text is claiming. It could also be temporal—they experience something similar when they become new again.

2. Cause (Reason)

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Greek:

Nat. d. 31.7 καὶ τοξότης δ’ ἂν ὁ θεὸς παρεισάγοιτο κατά τε τὸ πανταχοῦ διικνεῖσθαι καὶ κατὰ τὸ ἔντονόν τι ἔχειν καὶ τὴν τῶν βελῶν φοράν·

And God may be introduced as an archer both because of penetrating everywhere and having something violent and the rapid motion of arrows.

This has the general sense of correspondence or standard, but specifically, the preposition gives the reason that the comparison between God and the archer is legitimate (cf. LSJ, 883; BDAG, 512 [5.a.δ]; Id. Supp. 336, Eu. 686).

μετὰ τό + Infinitive

1. Antecedent Time

Definition

The infinitive presents an action that occurs before the time of the main verb. This does not necessarily imply the action has already happened; it merely gives time relative to the verb.

Translation Aids

The reader should insert “after” before the infinitive.

Clarification

There is no need to search for detailed patterns of usage, as all infinitives with μετὰ τό function this way.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 5:7 καὶ ἔζησεν Σηθ μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Ενως ἑπτακόσια καὶ ἑπτὰ ἔτη

And Seth lived seven hundred and seven years after him birthing Enos

Exod 7:25 καὶ ἀνεπληρώθησαν ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι μετὰ τὸ πατάξαι κύριον τὸν ποταμόν

and seven days were fulfilled after the Lord striking the river

Deut 1:3–4 ὅσα ἐνετείλατο κύριος αὐτῷ πρὸς αὐτούς 4μετὰ τὸ πατάξαι Σηων βασιλέα Αμορραίων

as much as the Lord commanded him for them 4after striking Seon, king of the Amorites

Josh 5:12 ἐξέλιπεν τὸ μαννα μετὰ τὸ βεβρωκέναι αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ σίτου τῆς γῆς

the manna ceased after them having eaten from the grain of the land

Ps 126:2 ἐγείρεσθαι μετὰ τὸ καθῆσθαι οἱ ἔσθοντες ἄρτον ὀδύνης

to rise after sitting, (you) who eat the bread of grief

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

Tob (S) 1:10 μετὰ τὸ αἰχμαλωτισθῆναί με εἰς Ἀσσυρίους καὶ ὅτε ᾐχμαλωτίσθην εἰς Νινευη ἐπορευόμην καὶ πάντες οἱ ἀδελφοί μου καὶ οἱ ἐκ τοῦ γένους μου ἤσθιον ἐκ τῶν ἄρτων τῶν ἐθνῶν

After me being taken captive to Assyria, and when I was taken captive, I was going to Nineue, and all my brothers and those from my race were eating from the food of the nations.

1 Macc 1:9 καὶ ἐπέθεντο πάντες διαδήματα μετὰ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν αὐτὸν

and all put on crowns after him dying

T. Gad 5:6 ταῦτα ἐγὼ ἔσχατον ἔγνων μετὰ τὸ μετανοῆσαί με περὶ τοῦ Ἰωσήφ.

I knew these things finally after I repented concerning Joseph.

Apoc. Mos. 43:2 μετὰ δὲ τὸ δοῦναι τοῦτον τὸν νόμον εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν·

and after giving this law, he said to him

A.J. 1.192 καὶ τοῦτο ποιεῖν ὀγδόῃ ἡμέρᾳ μετὰ τὸ γεννηθῆναι (noun)

and to do this on the eighth day after being born

Rarely, the construction modifies a noun.

A.J. 7.113 τῆς γὰρ τροφοῦ μετὰ τὸ προσαγγελθῆναι τὸν πατέρα τοῦ παιδίου καὶ τὸν πάππον ἐν τῇ μάχῃ πεσόντας ἁρπασαμένης

for when the nurse snatched (him) up after the father and grandfather of the child falling in battle being proclaimed

Greek:

Polyb. 3.4.12 ποία τις ἦν μετὰ τὸ καταγωνισθῆναι τὰ ὅλα καὶ πεσεῖν εἰς τὴν τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐξουσίαν

anyone was of what sort after all (things) being prevailed over and falling to the authority of the Romans

Diatr. 1.26.15 μετὰ γὰρ τὸ γνῶναι ὅτι ἀσθενῶς οὐκ ἔτι θελήσει χρῆσθαι αὐτῷ πρὸς τὰ μεγάλα.

For after knowing that (it is) weak, he will not still desire to use it for great (things).

Ench. 33.10 καὶ μετὰ τὸ ἀπαλλαγῆναι μὴ πολλὰ περὶ τῶν γεγενημένων διαλέγου

And after departing, you must not converse much concerning what has occurred.

1 Clem. 51:5 διὰ τὸ σκληρυνθῆναι αὐτῶν τὰς ἀσυνέτους καρδίας μετὰ τὸ γενέσθαι τὰ σημεῖα καὶ τὰ τέρατα ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτου διὰ τοῦ θεράποντος τοῦ θεοῦ Μωϋσέως

because of their foolish hearts being hardened after signs and wonders occurring in the land of Egypt

Herm. Sim. 6 1:5 μετὰ τὸ ταῦτα λαλῆσαι αὐτὸν μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ λέγει μοι Ἄγωμεν εἰς ἀγρόν

After him speaking these things with me, he says to me, Let us go to the field.

παρὰ τό + Infinitive

1. Cause (Reason)

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 29:20 καὶ ἐδούλευσεν Ιακωβ περὶ Ραχηλ ἔτη ἑπτά καὶ ἦσαν ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ ὡς ἡμέραι ὀλίγαι παρὰ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν αὐτήν

And Jacob served seven years for Rachel, and they were before him as a few days, from him loving her.

Num 14:16 παρὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι κύριον εἰσαγαγεῖν τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον εἰς τὴν γῆν ἣν ὤμοσεν αὐτοῖς κατέστρωσεν αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ

From the Lord not being able to lead this people into the land which He swore them, He overthrew them in the wilderness.

Deut 9:28 παρὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι κύριον εἰσαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν γῆν ἣν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς καὶ παρὰ τὸ μισῆσαι αὐτοὺς ἐξήγαγεν αὐτοὺς ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ

From the Lord not being able to lead them into the land which He said to them and from hating them, He led them out to kill in the wilderness.

Isa 6:11 καὶ εἶπεν ἕως ἂν ἐρημωθῶσιν πόλεις παρὰ τὸ μὴ κατοικεῖσθαι καὶ οἶκοι παρὰ τὸ μὴ εἶναι ἀνθρώπους

And he said, Until cities are abandoned from not being inhabited and houses from no men existing.

The second infinitive is more clear here (see next section for the first). The first could give evidence, not the reason, for the city being abandoned.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

Decal. 1.23 αὐτὴν προσαγορεῦσαι δεκάδα, ὡσανεὶ δεχάδα οὖσαν, παρὰ τὸ δέχεσθαι καὶ κεχωρηκέναι τὰ γένη πάντα τῶν ἀριθμῶν

to designate it “decade,” as it were being ten, from receiving and having held all kinds of numbers

Spec. 1.290 ἴδιον καὶ ἐξαίρετον ὄνομα θέμενος αὐτῷ παρὰ τὸ διατηρεῖν, ὡς ἔοικε, τὰς θυσίας

placing a peculiar and chosen name to it from preserving, as it seems, the sacrifices

A.J. 1.329 ἃ δὴ τίμια τοῖς ληψομένοις ἔμελλεν ἔσεσθαι παρὰ τὸ σπανίζειν αὐτῶν

which are indeed about to be honorable to those receiving, from their being scarce

A.J. 7.195 καὶ ἐλαττουμένοις πρὸς ἡδονὴν ὁμιλῶν ὡς παρὰ τὸ μὴ συμβούλους ἀγαθοὺς εἶναι

and speaking to those diminishing with reference to pleasure as from counselors not being good

Greek:

Nat. d. 13.6 αὕτη δέ ἐστι καὶ Ἀδράστεια, ἤτοι παρὰ τὸ ἀνέκφευκτος καὶ ἀναπόδραστος εἶναι ὠνομασμένη ἢ παρὰ τὸ ἀεὶ δρᾶν τὰ καθ’ αὑτήν

And this is also Adrasteia, truly having been named from being inevitable and unescapable or from always accomplishing the (things) according to her

Nat. d. 25.4 καλεῖται δὲ καὶ Ἵμερος εἴτουν παρὰ τὸ ἵεσθαι καὶ φέρεσθαι ἐπὶ τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν τῶν ὡραίων ὠνομασμένος

And it is also called Himeros, having been named either from hastening and being carried toward the enjoyment of beautiful (things)

1 Clem. 39:5 παρὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι αὐτοὺς ἑαυτοῖς βοηθῆσαι ἀπώλοντο

From them not being able to help themselves, they perished.

1 Clem. 39:6 καὶ ἐτελεύτησαν παρὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν αὐτοὺς σοφίαν

And they died from them not having wisdom.

2. Cause (Evidence)

Definition

Translation Aids

One may alter the sentence to something similar to the following: “This is true on the basis of X” or “X proves/demonstrates the validity of this claim.”

Clarification

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

LXX (translated):

*Zeph 3:6 ἐξέλιπον αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν παρὰ τὸ μηδένα ὑπάρχειν μηδὲ κατοικεῖν.

Their cities cease from no one being nor dwelling (in them).

And he said, Until cities are abandoned from not being inhabited and houses from no men existing.

The first could also give evidence, not the reason, for the city being abandoned.

περὶ τό + Infinitive -16-

1. Reference/Epexegetical (Substantival)

Definition

Translation Aids

Clarification

For περί this is usually with verbs of saying or writing.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Abr. 1.134 αἴτιον δὲ τῆς περὶ τὸ ἀκολασταίνειν ἀμετρίας ἐγένετο τοῖς οἰκήτορσιν ἡ τῶν χορηγιῶν ἐπάλληλος ἀφθονία

And the abundance of supplies for each other to the inhabitants became a cause of excess regarding being licentious.

Spec. 1.36 ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἡ περὶ τὸ βούλεσθαι μαθεῖν σπουδὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν ἀλέκτους ἡδονὰς καὶ εὐφροσύνας ἐργάζεται

since even the eagerness regarding desiring to learn produces by itself indescribable pleasures and gladness

A.J. 9.201 καὶ Ἀμασίας μὲν ὑπὸ ἀνάγκης καὶ τοῦ περὶ τὸ ζῆν δέους ἐποίησεν εἰσδεχθῆναι τὸν πολέμιον

And indeed, Amaziah made (his) enemy to be received because of necessity and fear concerning living.

*C. Ap. 1.7 πάντων δὲ νεωτάτη σχεδόν ἐστι παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἡ περὶ τὸ συγγράφειν τὰς ἱστορίας ἐπιμέλεια

And their diligence concerning writing down histories is nearly the newest of all things from them

Greek:

Diod. 5.77.2 τῶν πρὸ τοῦ πάντων ὀλιγώρως ἐχόντων περὶ τὸ σωρεύειν καὶ τηρεῖν ἐπιμελῶς χρημάτων πλῆθος

all having/being neglectfully before then concerning heaping and guarding diligently a number of poessessions

Grat. (44) 6 ἀγάμενος τῶν ἀνδρῶν τό τε ἄφθονον καῖ τὴν προθυμίαν, ἔτι δὲ τὴν περὶ τὸ εἰπεῖν δύναμιν

admiring both the freedom from envy of the men and the passion, and still the authority concerning speaking

Virt. (69) 3 οἱ δὲ ὅπως δεινοὶ δόξουσι περὶ τὸ εἰπεῖν ἐν δήμῳ ἢ δικαστηρίῳ τὴν πᾶσαν σπουδὴν ἔχουσιν

and so such, seeming powerful, having every desire concerning speaking in the township or in court

Invid. (78) 20 ὅτι οὐκ εἶχον τέχνην οὐδὲ ἐπιστήμην περὶ τὸ μελῳδεῖν

because they did not have art nor knowledge concerning singing

Diatr. 2.23.46 οἴονταί με καταβάλλειν τὴν περὶ τὸ λέγειν ἐπιμέλειαν ἢ τὴν περὶ τὰ θεωρήματα.

They suppose me to throw down the care concerning speaking or that concerning principles.

Diatr. 2.24.10 ὅτι ποσῆς γέ τινος τριβῆς περὶ τὸ ἀκούειν προσδεῖται ὁ τῶν φιλοσόφων ἀκουσόμενος.

that the man who hears the philosphers needs at least a certain amount of practice concerning hearing

2. Periphrastic/“Engaged With”

Definition

The infinitival construction combines with the main verb to form a single verbal idea. The new form becomes “a round-about way of saying what could be expressed by a single verb.” However, with various structures the emphasis seems to be slightly distinct.

Translation Aids

Sometimes the verb and infinitive combine in a periphrastic construction (e.g., “he was asking”). However, many of the following examples have a more specific nuance implied, including the subject’s being “intent, determined, or focused” on performing the action of the infinitive.

Clarification

I have not divided the following examples based on the slight distinctions involved. Rather, the reader should simply note the close connection between the verb and infinitive, understanding that often there is an element of determination or focus. In all cases, the main verb is equative (e.g., εἰμί, γίνομαι).

Clear Examples

Greek:

Polyb. 1.41.6 διὸ καὶ τἄλλα πάρεργα ποιησάμενοι περὶ τὸ βοηθεῖν ἐγίνοντο καὶ παραβάλλεσθαι καὶ πᾶν ὑπομένειν ὑπὲρ τῆς προειρημένης πόλεως

And therefore, after making the other (things) subordinate, they became concerning helping and throwing aside and enduring everything for the aforementioned city.

Polyb. 1.66.1 ὁ δ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως στρατηγὸς Γέσκων ἐγίνετο περὶ τὸ περαιοῦν τοὺς στρατιώτας εἰς τὴν Λιβύην.

but the general over the city, Gesko, became concerning carrying the soldiers across to Libya

3. Reference/Epexegetical (Verb)

Definition

Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “with reference to,” “regarding,” or “about.”

Clarification

Clear Examples

Greek:

Diatr. 4.4.1 πρὸς τοὺς περὶ τὸ ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ διάγειν ἐσπουδακότας

regarding the ones being eager concerning living in silence

πρὸς τό + Infinitive

1. Purpose

Definition

Translation Aids

Some key phrases that introduce purpose clauses are “in order that/to,” “so that,” or “on behalf of.”

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

1 Macc 12:10 ἐπειράθημεν ἀποστεῖλαι τὴν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀδελφότητα καὶ φιλίαν ἀνανεώσασθαι πρὸς τὸ μὴ ἐξαλλοτριωθῆναι ὑμῶν

We attempted to send to you to renew the brotherhood and friendship, for not becoming alienated from you.

2 Macc 4:45 ὁ Μενέλαος ἐπηγγείλατο χρήματα ἱκανὰ τῷ Πτολεμαίῳ Δορυμένους πρὸς τὸ πεῖσαι τὸν βασιλέα

Menelaus promised sufficient money to Ptolemy (son) of Dorymenes for persuading the king.

2 Macc 5:27 καὶ τὴν χορτώδη τροφὴν σιτούμενοι διετέλουν πρὸς τὸ μὴ μετασχεῖν τοῦ μολυσμοῦ

and they were continuing, eating grassy food, for not sharing the defilement

Let. Aris. 1:9 Δημήτριος ὁ Φαληρεὺς ἐχρηματίσθη πολλὰ διάφορα πρὸς τὸ συναγαγεῖν, εἰ δυνατόν, ἅπαντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην βιβλία·

Demetrius of Phalerum was negotiated great expenses in order to gather, if possible, all the books in the inhabited world.

Let. Aris. 1:266 οὕτω γὰρ λήψῃ τὸν ἀκροατὴν οὐκ ἀντικείμενος, συγχρώμενος δὲ ἐπαίνῳ πρὸς τὸ πεῖσαι.

For thus you will receive the listener not by opposing, but by using praise in order to persuade.

Decal. 1.17 πρὸς μὲν οὖν τὸ ζῆν σιτίων ἔδει καὶ ποτῶν, ἅπερ ἀνεύρισκον οὐχ ἑτοιμασάμενοι πρὸς δὲ τὸ εὖ ζῆν νόμων καὶ διαταγμάτων, οἷς βελτιοῦσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς ἔμελλον.

Indeed, (one) needs grains and drinks for living, which they were finding though not preparing (them); and (one) needs laws and commands for living well, by which they were about to improve (their) souls.

A.J. 8.187 τὰς ἀγούσας εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα βασίλειον οὖσαν λίθῳ κατέστρωσε μέλανι πρός τε τὸ ῥᾳστώνην εἶναι τοῖς βαδίζουσι καὶ πρὸς τὸ δηλοῦν τὸ ἀξίωμα τοῦ πλούτου καὶ τῆς ἡγεμονίας

He paved the ones leading to Jerusalem, being royal, with a black stone both for being relief to the ones traveling and for demonstrating the honor of the wealth of (his) rule.

Greek:

Polyb. 3.46.3 τὴν δ᾽ ἀπὸ τοῦ ῥεύματος πλευρὰν ἠσφαλίζοντο τοῖς ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐπιγύοις … πρὸς τὸ συμμένειν καὶ μὴ παρωθεῖσθαι τὸ ὅλον ἔργον κατὰ τοῦ ποταμοῦ.

And they were securing the side from the current with cables from the land … for holding together and not pushing away the entire work across the river.

Polyb. 3.60.13 εἰς ἃ βλέπων Ἀννίβας ἔκρινε μὴ μέλλειν ἀλλὰ προάγειν εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν καὶ πράττειν τι πρὸς τὸ θαρρῆσαι τοὺς βουλομένους μετέχειν σφίσι τῶν αὐτῶν ἐλπίδων.

Hannibal, looking to which, was deciding not to delay but to advance as before and to do something for encouraging those desiring to share their hopes in him.

Polyb. 5.4.6 διαθεὶς τὰ βέλη καὶ τοὺς πετροβόλους κατὰ τοὺς ἁρμόζοντας τόπους πρὸς τὸ κωλύειν τοὺς ἀμυνομένους

arranging the missiles and catapults at the suitable places for hindering those defending

One could argue this is modifying αρμοζοντας, but the purpose idea is prevalent in the clause as a whole regardless. Thus, it is probably better to see it as modifying the participle.

Geogr. 1.3.11 καὶ Δημήτριον διακόπτειν ἐπιχειρῆσαι τὸν τῶν Πελοποννησίων ἰσθμὸν πρὸς τὸ παρασχεῖν διάπλουν τοῖς στόλοις

and Demetrius attempting to cut through the isthmus of Peloponnesus for supplying passage for the armies.

Diod. 5.30.4 τὰ δ᾽ ἑλικοειδῆ δι᾽ ὅλων ἀνάκλασιν ἔχει πρὸς τὸ καὶ κατὰ τὴν πληγὴν μὴ μόνον τέμνειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ θραύειν τὰς σάρκας καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀνακομιδὴν τοῦ δόρατος σπαράττειν τὸ τραῦμα.

And others have a bending back of spiral shape entirely, for not only cutting by the blow but also shattering the flesh and tearing apart the wound according to the withdrawal of the spear.

Nat. d. 16.6 οὐ γὰρ πρὸς τὸ κακοῦν καὶ βλάπτειν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ σῴζειν μᾶλλον γέγονεν ὁ λόγος

For reason exists not for afflicting and disabling but rather for saving.

P. Oxy. 713.15–19 κατέσχον … τὰ ἑαυτῶν πάντα πρὸς τὸ μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν αὐτῶν βεβαίως καὶ ἀναφαιρέτως εἶναι τῶν τέκνων

(the parents) controlled … all of their things, in order that after their death it might be the secure and inseparable (possession) of the children

P. Oxy. 1064.10–12 ξενίαν δὲ αὐτῷ ποιήσῃς, πρὸς τὸ ἐπανελθόντα αὐτὸν μαρτυρῆσαί μοι

you should show him hospitality, so that after returning he may bear witness to me

Diatr. 4.11.9 διὰ τοῦτο χεῖρας ἐποίησεν ἡ φύσις καὶ αὐτὰς τὰς ῥῖνας ὡς σωλῆνας πρὸς τὸ ἐκδιδόναι τὰ ὑγρά.

Because of this nature made hands and noses themselves as pipes for giving out fluids.

2. Epexegetical/Reference (Substantive)

Definition

Translation Aids

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Let. Aris. 1:3 Τὴν προαίρεσιν ἔχοντες ἡμεῖς πρὸς τὸ περιέργως τὰ θεῖα κατανοεῖν, ἑαυτοὺς ἐπεδώκαμεν εἰς τὸν προειρημένον ἄνδρα πρεσβείαν

Having the purpose with reference to understanding especially the things of God, we have offered ourselves to the aforementioned elderly man

Let. Aris. 1:211 καὶ μὴ πολλῶν ὀρέγου, τῶν δὲ ἱκανῶν πρὸς τὸ βασιλεύειν.

And do not desire many things but sufficient (things) for reigning.

This is an adjective but functioning substantivally.

Let. Aris. 1:294 πολλὰ γὰρ ὠφέλημαι, καταβεβλημένων ὑμῶν διδαχὴν ἐμοὶ πρὸς τὸ βασιλεύειν.

For I have been aided greatly by your laying down instruction for me about ruling.

Spec. 2.65 ἐπειδήπερ ἄνευ πυρὸς οὐδὲν ἔστι τῶν εἰς τὰς πρὸς τὸ ζῆν ἀναγκαίας χρείας ἐργάσασθαι

since without fire producing none of the necessary requirements for living occurs

Spec. 3.202 χρήσιμον δὲ ὀδόντα ὡς ἂν τροφῆς, τοῦ χρησιμωτάτου πρὸς τὸ ζῆν, ἐργάτην

and the tooth (to be) useful as the workman of food, of the most serviceable (thing) for living

Substantival adjective.

Spec. 4.172 οἷς πρὸς τὸ μηδὲν ἀνήκεστον παθεῖν μία ἐλπὶς ὁ δικαστής

for whom the judge (is) the one hope to suffering nothing deadly

A.J. 2.202 ὁρῶντες γὰρ τὸ τῶν Ἰσραηλιτῶν γένος ἀκμάζον καὶ δι᾽ ἀρετὴν καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὸ πονεῖν εὐφυΐαν πλήθει χρημάτων ἤδη καὶ λαμπρούς

for seeing the nation of the Israelites flourishing and already distinct in abundance of possessions because of virtue and good disposition with reference to laboring

A.J. 4.169 ὑπολαβόντες ἀπελογοῦντο μὴ διὰ φόβον κινδύνων μηδὲ διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ πονεῖν μαλακίαν πεποιῆσθαι τὴν αἴτησιν.

They were defending themselves, supposing not to have made the request because of fear of dangers neither because of weakness with reference to laboring.

Greek:

Polyb. 3.63.6 διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ ζῆν ἐπιθυμίαν ὑπομένουσι φεύγειν

because of the desire for living are waiting to flee

Polyb. 5.35.5 τοὺς γὰρ καιροὺς ἱκανὰς ὑποδεικνύειν ἀφορμὰς αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸ καθικέσθαι τῆς πατρῴας ἀρχῆς

for the times demonstrating sufficient resources to him for reaching the rule of (his) ancestry

Amat. narr. 17.3 προυδήλωσεν αὐτῷ μήτε λύχνα φαίνειν ἐν τῷ θαλάμῳ, μήτε ἀνάγκην αὐτῇ ἐπάγειν πρὸς τὸ διαλεχθῆναί τι.

She made clear beforehand to him neither to display light in the chamber nor to bringing to her a need for speaking something.

Geogr. 1.3.5 πρὸς γὰρ τὸ μετεωρίζεσθαι ταύτην καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι καὶ ἐπικλύζειν τόπους τινὰς καὶ ἀναχωρεῖν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ τοῦτό ἐστιν αἴτιον

for this is not the cause of this (thing) being raised and lowered and overflowing some places and withdrawing from them

Geogr. 4.4.3 ἐξ ὧν ἡ πολυανθρωπία φαίνεται καὶ ὅπερ εἶπον ἡ τῶν γυναικῶν ἀρετὴ πρὸς τὸ τίκτειν καὶ ἐκτρέφειν τοὺς παῖδας

from which the great population is manifest and, just as I said, the virtue of the women with reference to bearing and nourishing the children

Nat. d. 27.15 ἢ διὰ τὴν γινομένην ἐξ αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸ πονεῖν προτροπὴν

or because of the encouragement regarding working hard existing from it

This is directional purpose, but the verbal idea is tied to a noun, making it epexegetical.

Diatr. 3.7.25 οὐκοῦν καὶ καθήκοντα τρισσά: τὰ μὲν πρὸς τὸ εἶναι, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τὸ ποιὰ εἶναι, τὰ δ᾽ αὐτὰ τὰ προηγούμενα.

Therefore also three proper (things are): the (ones) indeed as regards being, and the (ones) as regards being a certain kind, and the governing (ones) themselves.

Diatr. 4.1.59 πᾶς ὃς ἂν ἐξουσίαν ἔχῃ τῶν ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τινος θελομένων πρὸς τὸ περιποιῆσαι ταῦτα ἢ ἀφελέσθαι.

Everyone who has authority over the (things) desired by a certain someone, for perserving them or for hindering (them).

These infinitives describe the type of authority.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

Decal. 1.17 ὁ γὰρ πρὸς τὸ ζῆν ἀφθονίαν δοὺς καὶ τὰς πρὸς τὸ εὖ ζῆν ἀφορμὰς ἐδωρεῖτο· πρὸς μὲν οὖν τὸ ζῆν σιτίων ἔδει καὶ ποτῶν, ἅπερ ἀνεύρισκον οὐχ ἑτοιμασάμενοι πρὸς δὲ τὸ εὖ ζῆν νόμων καὶ διαταγμάτων, οἷς βελτιοῦσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς ἔμελλον.

For the one giving abundance for living also was presenting the resources for living well; indeed, (one) needs grains and drinks for living, which they were finding though not preparing (them); and (one) needs laws and commands for living well, by which they were about to improve (their) souls.

The first two may be epexegetical, but the purpose nuance is still there. They could also modify their respective verbs and give the purpose of giving such things.

3. Epexegetical/Reference (Adjective/Adverb)

Definition

Translation Aids

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Let. Aris. 1:135 εἰκόνας φασὶν εἶναι τῶν ἐξευρόντων τι πρὸς τὸ ζῇν αὐτοῖς χρήσιμον

they say to be images of those discovering something useful to them for living

Let. Aris. 1:195 Καὶ τοῦτον δὲ ἐπαινέσας εἶπε πρὸς τὸν ἐχόμενον Τί κάλλιστον αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸ ζῇν ἄν εἴη;

And after praising this (one), he said to the one having, What may be most beautiful (i.e., best) to him for living?

A.J. 1.66 εἴ τις ὀκνηρὸς ἦν πρὸς τὸ φονεύειν ἄλλην ἀπόνοιαν ἦν θράσους ὑβρίζων καὶ πλεονεκτῶν.

If someone was timid in killing another, he was harming and taking advantage of another madness of imprudence.

A.J. 3.128 ἐμποδὼν οὐκ ἐσόμενον πρὸς τὸ κατοπτεύεσθαι καὶ μάλιστα ἐν ταῖς ἐπισήμοις ἡμέραις (adverb)

not being in one’s way with reference to observing and especially on the designated days

A.J. 4.91 καὶ διὰ τὴν ὅπλισιν οὖσαν εὐσταλῆ κοῦφοι πρὸς τὸ διώκειν ὄντες μετέθεον τοὺς πολεμίους

and they overtook the enemies, being light with reference to pursuing because of the armor being compact

Greek:

Polyb. 3.71.3 εἰδότες ὅτι καὶ πρὸς τὸ λαθεῖν καὶ πρὸς τὸ μηδὲν παθεῖν τοὺς ἐνεδρεύσαντας εὐφυέστεροι τυγχάνουσιν

knowing that they occur more suitable for escaping and for not suffering the ambushes

Polyb. 4.3.3 νομίζοντες ἀξιόχρεως εἶναι σφᾶς πρὸς τὸ πολεμεῖν αὐτοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς (adverb)

considering them to be sufficiently as regards fighting with the Achaeans

Polyb. 5.17.6 εὑρὼν δὲ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Χρυσόγονον καὶ Πετραῖον ἑτοίμους ἐν Θετταλίᾳ πρὸς τὸ διακινδυνεύειν

and finding those around Chrysogonus and Petraeus in Thessaly ready for running risk (in battle)

Geogr. 3.5.6 ἐπιφανέστατοι δὲ οἱ πορθμοὶ καὶ τὰ ἐπικείμενα ὄρη καὶ αἱ νησῖδες πρὸς τὸ ἀποδηλοῦν ἐσχατιάς τε καὶ ἀρχὰς τόπων

and the straits and surrounding mountains and islands (are) most remarkable for displaying the endings and beginnings of places

4 Regn. (4) 38 ἱκανή σοί ἐστι μία ἡμέρα πρὸς τὸ συνιδεῖν τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ τὴν τέχνην

One day is sufficient for you to comprehend the practice and the art.

Exil. (13) 22 τοὺς ῥήτορας οἴεσθε ἱκανοὺς εἶναι πρὸς τὸ βουλεύεσθαι καὶ τὴν ἐκείνων τέχνην ἄνδρας ἀγαθοὺς ποιεῖν

You suppose the orators to be sufficient for resolving and the practice of those to make men good.

Diatr. 1.6.36 γενόμενα δὲ καὶ εὑρεθέντα εὔχρηστα ἦν πρὸς τὸ δεῖξαι καὶ γυμνάσαι τὸν Ἡρακλέα.

But being and being found, (they) were useful for revealing and training Heracles.

Diatr. 1.29.14 κρείττονές εἰσιν οἱ δέκα τοῦ ἑνός. πρὸς τί; πρὸς τὸ δῆσαι, πρὸς τὸ ἀποκτεῖναι, πρὸς τὸ ἀπαγαγεῖν ὅπου θέλουσιν, πρὸς τὸ ἀφελέσθαι τὰ ὄντα.

Ten are better than one. With what? With binding, with killing, with leading away where they desire, with hindering the (things) being.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Greek:

Diatr. 4.6.7 τίς δὲ οὕτως πιθανός ἐστί σοι πρὸς τὸ πεῖσαι ὡς σὺ σαυτῷ;

And who in this way is as persuasive in persuading you as you (persuading) yourself?

It is unclear whether the infinitive modifies the predicate adjective or the clause as a whole. As such, it could be epexegetical, but it could also be purpose or hypothetical result.

4. Directional Purpose

Definition

Translation Aids

The reader may be able to insert words such as “toward” or “in the direction of” before the infinitive.

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Let. Aris. 1:186 τὸ τηνικαῦτα πρὸς τὸ τέρπεσθαι διὰ τῶν ἡτοιμασμένων ἐτράπησαν

at that time they turned toward enjoyment through what had been prepared

Let. Aris. 1:198 ἵνα καὶ πρὸς τὸ τέρπεσθαι τραπέντες ἡδέως διεξάγωμεν

in order that we might pass the time pleasantly by turning toward enjoying (the banquet)

Greek:

Polyb. 1.17.9 ὥρμησαν ἐκθυμότερον τοῦ δέοντος οἱ στρατιῶται πρὸς τὸ σιτολογεῖν.

The soldiers hastened to collecting corn more earnestly than necessary.

This could be simple purpose, couldn’t it?

Polyb. 4.32.6 ἐτράπησαν πρὸς τὸ βλάπτειν αὐτούς

They turned toward harming them.

This could be simple purpose.

Polyb. 5.38.6 εὐθέως ὁ Σωσίβιος λαβόμενος τῆς ἀφορμῆς ταύτης παρώξυνε τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους φίλους πρὸς τὸ μὴ μέλλειν, ἀλλὰ φυλάξασθαι καὶ συγκλεῖσαι τὸν Κλεομένην.

Sosibius, taking this opportunity, immediately urged the king and the friends toward not delaying, but toward guarding and enclosing Cleomenes.

Geogr. 4.1.5 πάντες γὰρ οἱ χαρίεντες πρὸς τὸ λέγειν τρέπονται καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν

For all the accomplished (ones) turn toward speaking and pursuing knowledge.

Diatr. 4.13.1 ἐξαγόμεθα καὶ αὐτοὶ πρὸς τὸ ἐκφέρειν πρὸς αὐτὸν τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἀπόρρητα

we ourselves are also led away toward carrying to him our secrets

This could also be considered regular purpose or actual result. The fact that the speech looks down on this action perhaps indicates it is not purpose. The main verb of leading implies a direction, though logically the action of the infinitive results from the main verb.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Greek:

*Ench. 23.1 ἐάν ποτέ σοι γένηται ἔξω στραφῆναι πρὸς τὸ βούλεσθαι ἀρέσαι τινί, ἴσθι ὅτι ἀπώλεσας τὴν ἔνστασιν.

If at some point being turned outside to desire to please someone happens to you, you must know that you ruined the origin of life.

The intervening adverb makes this difficult. The translation implies a purpose idea for the infinitive, but the main verb of “turning” may indicate a directional nuance if the adverb “outside” (i.e., “to externals,” LCL 218:499) is not viewed as complementary of “turning,” but simply a modifier.

5. Reference/Epexegetical (Verb)

Definition

Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “with reference to,” “regarding,” or “about.”

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 8.21 ἀλλὰ πάνθ᾽ ὅσα οἱ τοῖς χρόνοις προβεβηκότες καὶ πρὸς τὸ φρονεῖν ἀκμάζοντες μετὰ πολλῆς ἀκριβείας ἐπιτελῶν

but completing all things with much precision as those advancing in years and flourishing with reference to thinking

Greek:

Polyb. 1.67.5 πρὸς δὲ τὸ γενομένης ὀργῆς ἢ διαβολῆς ἢ στάσεως διδάξαι καὶ πραῧναι καὶ μεταθεῖναι τοὺς ἠγνοηκότας ὁλοσχερῶς ἀστοχοῦσιν.

But, (when) wrath or adversity or strife exists, they fail for teaching and soothing and changing the completely ignorant (ones).

Polyb. 2.56.5 ἔσται δὲ πάντως ἀρκοῦντα ταῦτα πρὸς τὸ καὶ τὴν ὅλην αὐτοῦ προαίρεσιν καὶ δύναμιν ἐν τῇ πραγματείᾳ καταμαθεῖν.

And always these (things) will be sufficing as regards learning his entire purpose and ability in action.

Polyb. 3.114.3 τῆς μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἔλαττον τὸ κέντημα τῆς καταφορᾶς ἴσχυε πρὸς τὸ βλάπτειν

for on one hand of the (Spaniard), the shorter point of the downward stroke is able as regards harming

Tyr. (6) 30 ὅσα δὲ ῥᾳδίως καὶ ἀπραγμόνως ἔστιν ἐπικουρεῖν τῷ σώματι καὶ πρὸς χειμῶνα καὶ πρὸς λιμὸν καὶ πρὸς τὸ παῦσαί τινα ὄρεξιν τοῦ σώματος, οὐ παρέπεμπεν οὐδὲν αὐτῶν

But whatever readily and without trouble is helping the body both with reference to winter and hunger and hindering some longing of the body, he would never dismiss them.

The parallel phrases support this classification. Otherwise, it would be purpose.

Diatr. 1.7.16 ὡς οὐκ ἀρκεῖ τὸ δανείσασθαι πρὸς τὸ ἔτι ὀφείλειν … οὕτως οὐκ ἀρκεῖ πρὸς τὸ δεῖν παραχωρεῖν τὸ ἐπιφερόμενον τὸ δεδωκέναι τὰ λήμματα

as borrowing does not suffice for still owing … so having granted the assumptions does not suffice for needing to accept what is brought forward

Diatr. 1.16.7 ἓν τῶν γεγονότων ἀπήρκει πρὸς τὸ αἰσθέσθαι τῆς προνοίας τῷ γε αἰδήμονι καὶ εὐχαρίστῳ.

One of the (things) having become would suffice for perceiving providence, indeed to the modest and grateful (man).

Of Epictetus’ examples with “sufficing,” this is probably the most likely to be purpose or hypothetical result.

Diatr. 2.11.15 οὐκ ἄρα ἀρκεῖ τὸ δοκοῦν ἑκάστῳ πρὸς τὸ εἶναι

Then the (one) seeming good to each does not suffice for being (right).

Did. 4:5 Μὴ γίνου πρὸς μὲν τὸ λαβεῖν ἐκτείνων τὰς χεῖρας πρὸς δὲ τὸ δοῦναι συσπῶν.

You must not be stretching out (your) hands for receiving and withdrawing (them) for giving.

This and the next example are obviously verbatim. The first infinitives seem to give the purpose of stretching out the hands, but the second infinitives cannot be the purpose. They give the activity for which the hands are retracted. The parallel form may even allow the first infinitives to be reference as well.

Barn. 19:9 Μὴ γίνου πρὸς μὲν τὸ λαβεῖν ἐκτείνων τὰς χεῖρας πρὸς δὲ τὸ δοῦναι συσπῶν.

You must not be stretching out (your) hands for receiving and withdrawing (them) for giving.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

Spec. 1.243 ὡς δέον ὑπερτίθεσθαι μὲν τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν μέλλοντας ἀεὶ πρὸς αὐτὸ καὶ βραδύνοντας, πρὸς δὲ τὸ κατορθοῦν ἐπεσπευσμένῳ τάχει χρῆσθαι

as indeed needing to defer sinning, always hesitating with it and delaying, but using hastened speed with reference to succeeding

The parallel clause seems to indicate the author gives different responses to two actions. The infinitive could give the purpose of using such haste or the situation within which one should use haste.

6. Periphrastic/“Engaged With”

Definition

Translation Aids

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Tob 14:3 ἰδοὺ γεγήρακα καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἀποτρέχειν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν εἰμι

Behold, I have grown old and I am “near” turning from living.

NETS, 476, “I have become old and am about to depart from life.” There is no adjective for “ready” or “near.” LSJ, 1498, has a temporal category for the preposition with the accusative, though (cf. BDAG, 874). It lists the following translations: “near, at, about.” BDAG (874) explains the function as “denoting approach toward” a particular time or period. This and the following are the only Jewish examples, so it seemed best not to accumulate categories.

*2 Macc 7:14 καὶ γενόμενος πρὸς τὸ τελευτᾶν οὕτως ἔφη (no pred. adj.; or Proximity)

and being “near” dying, he said thus

NETS, 511, “When he was near death.” v. 18 has a parallel construction for another son that was tortured (μέλλων ἀποθνῄσκειν). I have this under “engaged with” or “involved in,” signifying the process that is occurring. One could also insert an adverb of proximity for this to read “being near to dying.”

Greek:

Polyb. 1.26.3 ὄντων δὲ τῶν μὲν πρὸς τὸ κωλύειν, τῶν δὲ πρὸς τὸ βιάζεσθαι, προφανὴς ἦν ὁ μέλλων ἀγὼν

And the (ones) being on one hand to hindering, and the (others) to forcing, the coming battle was evident.

Context seems to imply determination.

Polyb. 1.29.3 ἔτι δὲ τάφρῳ καὶ χάρακι περιλαβόντες τὰς ναῦς ἐγίνοντο πρὸς τὸ πολιορκεῖν αὐτήν

and still surrounding the ship with trench and palisade, they were to besieging it

Seems determination.

Polyb. 1.36.5 εὐθέως ἐγίνοντο πρὸς τὸ καταρτίζειν τὸν στόλον καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐξαιρεῖσθαι τοὺς ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ διασεσωσμένους.

Immediately they became to restoring the the fleet and to the men having been saved in Libya being removed.

Polyb. 1.55.5 ὁ δ᾽ Ἰούνιος … ἐγένετο πρὸς τὸ καινοτομῆσαί τι καὶ πρᾶξαι τῶν δεόντων

But Junius … became toward beginning something new and doing necessary (things).

Polyb. 3.82.11 τόπους δ᾽ εὐφυεῖς συνεθεώρησε πρὸς τὴν χρείαν, ἐγίνετο πρὸς τὸ διακινδυνεύειν.

And (since) he observed suitable places for the need, he became to taking risk.

Polyb. 5.56.9 πάντων ἑτοίμως αὐτοῖς συνυπακουόντων διὰ τὸ πρὸς τὸν Ἑρμείαν μῖσος, ἐγίνοντο πρὸς τὸ συντελεῖν τὴν ἐπιβολήν.

All eagerly obeying them because of hate toward Hermeias, they “set themselves to execute” the purpose.

7. Indirect Discourse

Definition

Translation Aids

The infinitive can either be translated as a gerund or with the regular “to X.”

Clarification

a. “He considered walking in the park.”

This sentence would contain a direct object clause.

b. “He considered walking in the park to be beneficial to his health.”

The infinitival form “to be” would be an infinitive of indirect discourse.

c. “He considered walking in the park beneficial to his health.”

Clear Examples

Greek:

Exil. (13) 28 καὶ οὕτως δὴ παρεκάλει πρὸς τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ προσέχειν αὑτῷ τὸν νοῦν καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν

And thus now he was encouraging (them) to care for and to heed his message and to pursue knowledge.

It is possible that the second and third infinitives provide the object of the first (i.e., “to care for both heeding his message and pursuing knowledge”; cf. LCL 339:115)

Avar. (17) 2 καὶ διὰ τοῦ λόγου παρακαλεῖν πρὸς τὸ πείθεσθαι καὶ φυλάττειν ἔργῳ τὸ προσῆκον

and through the word to encourage (them) to obey and guard that which is fitting with deed

8. Hypothetical Result

Definition

Translation Aids

The translation of the infinitive remains the same as actual result (e.g., “so that, with the result that”). However, one could insert a word of hesitancy as well (e.g., “may, would”).

Clarification

Clear Examples

Jewish:

Let. Aris. 1:258 Εἰ μεγάλα καὶ σεμνὰ ταῖς ποιήσεσιν ἐπιτελοῖ, πρὸς τὸ φείσασθαι τοὺς θεωροῦντας διὰ τὴν καλλονήν

if he might accomplish great and stately (things) by his actions, so that those who see them refrain because of the beauty

9. Actual Result

Definition

The infinitive offers the result of the main verb without mentioning if the result was intended by the subject.

Translation Aids

It is difficult to insert a phrase of result without implying intentionality. One of the following may be helpful: “with the result that, so that.”

Clarification

Possible Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 7.171 ἐφόρουν γὰρ αἱ τῶν ἀρχαίων παρθένοι χειριδωτοὺς ἄχρι τῶν σφυρῶν πρὸς τὸ μὴ βλέπεσθαι χιτῶνας

For the virgins of ancient times would wear sleeved (clothes) until the ankles for the inner garments not being seen.

This could be actual result, but it seems the emphasis of virgins in context giving a means of purity.

A.J. 7.394 ἦσαν γὰρ ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν μηχανικῶς κεκηδευμέναι πρὸς τὸ μὴ φανεραὶ εἶναι τοῖς εἰς τὸ μνῆμα εἰσιοῦσιν

For they had been buried under the land artfully, so as not being manifest to those entering the tomb.

This could give the purpose of being buried in such a way, or it could be the natural result of the burial. This is perhaps the most likely example of actual result.

Greek:

Polyb. 3.51.13 φόβον ἐνειργάσατο τοῖς ἑξῆς πρὸς τὸ μὴ τολμᾶν αὐτῷ ῥᾳδίως ἐγχειρεῖν μηδένα τῶν παρακειμένων ταῖς ἀναβολαῖς.

He produced fear to those nearby, so that none of those lying on the mounds dared to attack him lightly.

This could be purpose, but it seems the natural result of Hannibal’s actions.

Geogr. 7.6.2 παραλαβὼν δ᾽ ὁ ἐνταῦθα ῥοῦς, ἅμα καὶ τῶν τόπων εὐφυῶν ὄντων πρὸς τὸ τὸν ἐκεῖ ῥοῦν τῆς θαλάττης ἐπὶ τὸ Βυζάντιον καὶ τὸ πρὸς αὐτῷ Κέρας τετράφθαι, φυσικῶς συνελαύνεται δεῦρο καὶ παρέχει τοῖς Βυζαντίοις καὶ τῷ δήμῳ τῶν Ῥωμαίων πρόσοδον ἀξιόλογον.

And the current receiving (them) here, and since the places being naturally suited so that current of the sea has been turned toward Byzantium and the Horn near it, naturally drives (them) together here and offers the Byzantines and the people of Rome a remarkable revenue.

This is the most likely Greek example. It depends on how the participle and predicate adjective function. It translates as periphrastic construction, but the infinitive truly modifies the adjective, which could be merely epexegetical/reference. The nuance of the entire sentence is one of result, but the infinitive may not be solely responsible for such an idea.

Diod. 2.36.6 συμβάλλονται δὲ παρὰ τοῖς Ἰνδοῖς καὶ τὰ νόμιμα πρὸς τὸ μηδέποτε ἔνδειαν τροφῆς παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς εἶναι

And the customs from the Indians also contribute towards lack of food never being among them.

It is possible the natural result of such customs is that food is always accessible. If the passive sense of the verb is taken, it is much more likely purpose. Even with the middle voice, the customs were probably put in place with the intent of not running out of food.

10. Duration of Time

Definition

The infinitive states an action will occur throughout an entire period. There is no indication of when the period begins and ends, but the entire timeframe is in view.

Translation Aids

Some words or phrases to emphasize this function are “throughout” or “during.”

Clarification

This category is similar to “Indefinite Temporal,” but the latter claims an action will continue until a certain point in the future (relative to verb), and the action may have already begun. Expressions that discuss the duration of time take a more general approach, focusing on the entire period within which the action of the infinitive occurs. In addition, the provided key words are similar to those supplied for “Contemporaneous Time,” but the reader must remember the focus here is on a time period, not simultaneity of occurrences.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

A.J. 9.84 μεστὴν δὲ σιτίων καὶ ὅπλων εὗρον ἃ διὰ τὸ κοῦφοι πρὸς τὸ φεύγειν εἶναι ῥίπτοντες κατέλιπον

but they found full of food and weapons, which they abandoned, throwing (them) out because of being nimble while fleeing

The preposition can have a temporal idea for duration. This could also be reference (modifying κουφοι) or purpose.

ὑπὲρ τό + Infinitive

1. Comparative

Definition

The infinitive is the object or action against which another term is compared. The other term is either better or worse than the action of the infinitive in some way.

Translation Aids

Before the infinitive, one should insert “than” to emphasize the comparative nuance. With verbs of choosing, one could translate the infinitive as “more than” or “over.”

Clarification

These infinitives occur after comparative adjectives, often noticeable with the –τερος ending. In addition, with certain structures verbs of choosing or preferring belong here, for the subject is not choosing one thing “instead of” another. He may desire both circumstances, but he prefers one if faced with a choice. One could separate verbs of choosing from this category, but some constructions with this collocation (ὑπὲρ τό) are defined as comparative in the lexicons (cf. BDAG, 1031; LSJ, 1858). Therefore, I have included them here and widened the boundaries of “comparison.” With ὑπέρ, BDAG lists the meanings of “more than, beyond” with the accusative which seems to allow the following infinitives in this category (BDAG, 1031; cf. LSJ, 1858).

The following verbs or nouns take this type of infinitive.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Ps 51:5 ἠγάπησας κακίαν ὑπὲρ ἀγαθωσύνην ἀδικίαν ὑπὲρ τὸ λαλῆσαι δικαιοσύνην

You loved wickedness over goodness, unrighteousness over speaking righteousness.

See Wallace’s grammar for this label of the preposition. With the accusative article, this denotes comparison “more than” (cf. NETS, 572), for the lexica do not have a substitution meaning for the preposition with the accusative.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Tuesday, December 27, 2022

Prepositions with Accusative Infinitives (Extrabiblical)

Accusative Object

διὰ τό + Infinitive

εἰς τό + Infinitive

ἐπὶ τό + Infinitive

κατὰ τό + Infinitive (8)

μετὰ τό + Infinitive

παρὰ τό + Infinitive

περὶ τό + Infinitive -16-

2. Periphrastic/“Engaged With”

πρὸς τό + Infinitive

ὑπὲρ τό + Infinitive

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