Something to Chew On: Genitive Articular Infinitives (Extrabiblical)

τοῦ + Infinitive

The following examples of this structure were not categorized because of fragmentary or corrupt texts and/or sufficient lack of clarity regarding syntactical functions: Polyb.; Meg.; Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Tob; 1 Macc; 2 Macc; Ps; Sir; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa; Amat. narr.; Geogr.; Diod.; 1 En.; Sib. Or.; 3 Bar.; T. Reu.; T. Sim.; T. Levi; T. Jud.; T. Iss.; T. Zeb.; T. Dan; T. Naph.; T. Gad; T. Ash.; T. Jos.; T. Benj.; T. Ab.; Let. Aris.; Jub.; Jos. Asen.; Apoc. Mos.; Liv. Pro.; 4 Bar.; 3 Macc.; 4 Macc.; Pss. Sol.; Opif.; Abr.; Ios.; Mos.; Decal.; Spec.; Virt.; Praem.; Exsecr.; Nat. d.; A.J.; C. Ap.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Geogr.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.;P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap..

1.Epexegetical/Reference (Substantive)

a. Definition

“Epexegetical” describes the aspect of these infinitives that explains, clarifies, or further defines a modified word, either noun or adjective. “Reference” more naturally describes those infinitives modifying adjectives, in that they provide the realm or manner in which the adjective’s head noun can be described as such. This category has been labeled as infinitives “limiting nouns and/or adjectives,” indicating the infinitive somehow limits the range of meaning for the noun or adjective.

b. Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “of,” “for,” “with reference to,” “about.” In addition, the traditional “to X” translation for infinitives is often appropriate.

c. Clarification

If Burke’s thesis is correct, that the genitive article clarifies the case of the infinitive, this would potentially allow for the infinitive to carry regular functions of the genitive case when modifying a substantive (e.g., subjective, objective [cf. , below). However, I have chosen not to divide this category into such subcategories for simplicity’s sake. Yet, after labeling the infinitive as epexegetical, one should see if its function can be narrowed further.

These infinitives qualify a description, clarify an ambiguous term, or explain how a word should be understood. Typically, the modified word indicates “ability, authority, desire, freedom, hope, need, obligation, or readiness.” Votaw adds words of ability, fitness, and time. The adverbs included in this section are primarily spatial (e.g., “far” or “near” to something). Allen lists the following nouns and one passage where they are found in Polybius: ἀδυναμία (15.34.5); αἰτία(2.38.9); ἀρχή (22.8.8); ἀρχηγός (2.38.9); ἀφορμή (3.69.8); βεβαιωτής (2.40.2); ἐμπόδιον(18.22.4); ἔννοια (15.1.12); ἐξουσία (3.29.7); ἐπιβολή (5.62.7); ἐπιμέλεια (6.35.12); ἔτος(12.16.12); καταρχή (15.33.1); κυρία (6.15.6); λόγος (18.15.15); ὁρμή (15.4.8); παράδειγμα(5.111.7); παράπτωσις (12.25.10); πεῖρα (8.9.6); πρόληψις (16.32.4); πρόνοια (11.2.10); πρόφασις (3.108.5); σημεῖον (23.13.1); συνήθεια (2.20.8); σύνθημα (8.27.3); τέλος (4.57.11); χρόνος (3.112.5). He only found four adjectives, the most common of which is αἴτιος (e.g., 1.43.8; 1.57.7; 9.3.9; 13.4.8; 21.13.10; 23.14.6; 24.11.1; 27.15.1) The other three adjectives are only used once (ἀλλότριος, 21.11.2; ἄπειρος, 39.9.12; κύριος, 29.9.9).

In the regular case system, the dative of reference presents something as true. “An author will use this dative to qualify a statement that would otherwise typically not be true.” The reference aspect of these infinitives can easily be confused with another function of “sphere” or “location.” Wallace advises to focus on the context of the passage and the author’s intent, for the two ideas sometimes carry opposite nuances (cf. ExSyn, 145, for a biblical example; Eph 2:1 and Rom 6:2). “In general, it is safe to say that the dative of reference views the word to which the dative stands related as detached or separated somehow from the dative, while the dative of sphere views the word to which the dative stands related as incorporated within the realm of the dative.” For infinitives, I have attempted to maintain a similar distinction. Epexegetical or reference infinitives are “separate” from the modified word, in that they clarify how the word is to be understood. “Location” infinitives (see below) offer a realm or sphere in which the activity of the main verb occurs.

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 2:9 καὶ ἐξανέτειλεν ὁ θεὸς ἔτι ἐκ τῆς γῆς … τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς ἐν μέσῳ τῷπαραδείσῳ καὶ τὸ ξύλον τοῦ εἰδέναι γνωστὸν καλοῦ καὶ πονηροῦ

And God made to grow also out of the earth … the tree of life in the middle of the garden and the tree of knowing (what is) known of good and evil

Gen 16:3 μετὰ δέκα ἔτη τοῦ οἰκῆσαι Αβραμ ἐν γῇ Χανααν καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὴν Αβραμ

after ten years of Abram living in the land of Canaan and she gave her to Abram

Lev 14:54–7οὗτος ὁ νόμος κατὰ πᾶσαν ἁφὴν λέπρας καὶ θραύσματος … 57καὶ τοῦἐξηγήσασθαι ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ἀκάθαρτον καὶ ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ καθαρισθήσεται

This (is) the law according to every plague of leprosy and of a rupture … 57and of declaring which day (is) clean and which day will be purified

The infinitive clearly does not modify “plague” but furthers the content of the law. This could also be labeled “reference.”

Ps 101:14 σὺ ἀναστὰς οἰκτιρήσεις τὴν Σιων ὅτι καιρὸς τοῦ οἰκτιρῆσαι αὐτήν

You will arise and have mercy on Zion, for the time of having mercy on her (is)

Amos 8:11 ἰδοὺ ἡμέραι ἔρχονται λέγει κύριος καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ λιμὸν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν οὐ λιμὸνἄρτου οὐδὲ δίψαν ὕδατος ἀλλὰ λιμὸν τοῦ ἀκοῦσαι λόγον κυρίου

Behold, the days come, says the Lord, and I will send out a famine on the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but a famine of hearing the word of the Lord.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

*1 Macc 10:44καὶ τοῦ οἰκοδομηθῆναι καὶ τοῦ ἐπικαινισθῆναι τὰ ἔργα τῶν ἁγίων καὶ ἡδαπάνη δοθήσεται ἐκ τοῦ λόγου τοῦ βασιλέως.

the expense of the works of the sanctuary being both built and repaired will be given from the account of the king

3 Bar. 3:5 Οὗτοι εἰσιν οἱ τὴν συμβουλὴν δόντες τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸν πύργον. … Ἐν οἷς μίαγυνὴ πλινθεύουσα ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτὴν οὐ συνεχωρήθη ἀπολυθῆναι, ἀλλὰπλινθεύουσα ἔτεκεν·

These are the ones who gave the counsel to build the tower. … Among whom one woman who was making bricks in the hour of her giving birth was not permitted to be released, but she gave birth while making bricks.

Opif. 1.87πολλὰ δ᾽ ἂν ἔχοι τις λέγειν ἕτερα βουλόμενος ἀπομηκύνειν εἰς ἔνδειξιν τοῦμηδὲν ἀπελευθεριάζειν

And someone might have many (things) to say, desiring to prolong, as a demonstration of no (animal) acting freely

More specifically, this is a subjective genitive.

Mos. 1.237τοῦτ᾽ αἴτιον ἐγένετο τοῦ μὴ θᾶττον ἥκειν εἰς ἣν ἀπῳκίζοντο γῆν.

This was the cause of not arriving more quickly to the land which they colonized.

Spec. 1.250σύμβολον ἐναργὲς τοῖς ὁρῶσι παρέχοντα τοῦ μὴ παρακόπτειν τὸ νόμισμα τῆςεὐχῆς

offering a distinct sign to those who see of not falsifying the custom of the vow

A.J. 2.51φόβον του μὴ κατάφωρον γενέσθαι καὶ χάριν τοῦ λαθεῖν ἀγνοουμένου τοῦκακοῦ

(He reminded her of) the fear of not being caught and delight of escaping while the evil thing was not known

A.J. 6.23δυνάμει κατ᾽ ἐλπίδα τοῦ μὴ προσδοκῶσι μηδὲ παρεσκευασμένοις ἐπιπεσεῖσθαιτοῖς Ἑβραίοις ἐπέρχονται

they came against the Hebrews with power according to the hope of attacking (them) while neither expecting nor being prepared

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Tob; 1 Macc; 2 Macc; Ps; Sir; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .; 1 En.; Sib. Or.; 3 Bar.; T. Reu.; T. Sim.; T. Levi; T. Jud.; T. Iss.; T. Zeb.; T. Dan; T. Naph.; T. Gad; T. Ash.; T. Jos.; T. Benj.; T. Ab.; Let. Aris.; Jub.; Jos. Asen.; Apoc. Mos.; Liv. Pro.; 4 Bar.; 3 Macc.; 4 Macc.; Pss. Sol.; Opif.; Abr.; Ios.; Mos.; Decal.; Spec.; Virt.; Praem.; Exsecr.; A.J.; C. Ap. .

Greek:

Polyb. 1.1.2ἐναργεστάτην δὲ καὶ μόνην διδάσκαλον τοῦ δύνασθαι τὰς τῆς τύχηςμεταβολὰς γενναίως ὑποφέρειν τὴν τῶν ἀλλοτρίων περιπετειῶν ὑπόμνησιν

and the most distinct and only teacher of being able to bear the changes of fortune (being) remembering tragedies of others

Sometimes, epexegeticals can be narrowed further to specific uses of the genitive. This would be a objective genitive.

Polyb. 1.62.6τὸ δύνασθαι βλέπειν τόν τε τοῦ νικᾶν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὸν τοῦ λείπεσθαικαιρόν

being able to see the (time) of conquering, and likewise also the time of leaving

Polyb. 3.63.10τὴν δὲ τοῦ ζῆν ἡττημένους ἐλπίδα

and yielding to the hope of living

Geogr. 7.2.1οὔτε γὰρ τὴν τοιαύτην αἰτίαν τοῦ πλάνητας γενέσθαι καὶ λῃστρικοὺς ἀποδέξαιτ᾽ ἄν τις

For someone would not receive such a reason for being wanderers and pirates.

*Nat. d. 14.18ἐπειδὴ χρείαν ἔχουσι τοῦ μονάζειν καὶ συνεχῶς εἰς τὴν ἐρημίαν ἀναχωρεῖνοἱ φιλομαθοῦντες

since those who love learning have need of being along and withdrawing continuously to the wilderness

Rhod. (31) 134καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀφαιρεῖσθε τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ φυλάττειν βέβαια τὰ δοθέντα τοῖςλαβοῦσιν.

And you took away the authority of guarding the (things) given (as) secure to those receiving.

P. Oxy. 1488.24–25καὶ εἰ χρεία ἐστὶ τοῦ με ἀνελθεῖν

and if a need for me to return exists

Specifically, subjective genitive.

Herm. Sim. 8 6:5οὖτοι οὖν ἔχουσιν ἐλπίδα τοῦ μετανοῆσαι.

These then have a hope of repenting.

Cf. Polyb.; Meg.; Amat. narr.; Geogr.; Diod.; Nat. d.; 1 Regn.; 2 Regn.; 3 Regn.; 4 Regn.; Lib. myth.; Tyr.; Ven.; Virt.; Isthm.; Serv.; Troj.; Dei cogn.; Exil.; 1 Serv. lib.; 2 Serv. lib.; Aegr.; Avar.; Dic. exercit.; Aud. aff.; Sec.; Pulchr.; De pace; Fel. sap.; Fel.; Gen.; Consult.; Compot.; 2 Melanc.; 1 Melanc.; Charid.; Rhod.; Alex.; 1 Tars.; 2 Tars.; Cel. Phrygg.; Borsyth.; Cor.; Nicom.; Nicaeen.; Conc. Apam.; Apam.; Dial.; Pol.; Grat.; Def.; Tumult.; Cont.; In cont.; Rec. mag.; Admin.; Geogr.; Diod.; Philoct. arc.; Hom.; Socr.; Hom. Socr.; Regn.; Nest.; Achill.; Philoct.; Ness.; Chrys.; Regn. tyr.; 1 Fort.; 2 Fort.; 3 Fort.; 1 Glor.; 2 Glor.; 3 Glor.; Virt.; De philosophia; De philosophio; Hab.; Fid.; Diffid.; De lege; Consuet.; Invid.; Divit.; Lib.; P. Oxy.; Diatr.; Ench.; Chaer.; Leuc. Clit.; 1 Clem.; 2 Clem.; Ign. Eph.; Ign. Magn.; Ign. Trall.; Ign. Rom.; Ign. Phld.; Ign. Smyrn.; Ign. Pol.; Pol. Phil.; Mart. Pol.; Did.; Barn.; Herm. Vis.; Herm. Mand.; Herm. Sim.; Diogn.; Fr. Pap. .

2.Purpose

a. Definition

Infinitives commonly provide the purpose behind the main verb, and Winer comments that the infinitive of purpose is closely related to the complementary infinitive by the element of design (i.e., intention). Boyer likewise comments, “The most natural adverbial use of the infinitive, either articular or anarthrous, is to express the end or direction of an action, whether intentional (purpose) or consequential (result).” For this category, the infinitive not only completes the action but also offers the goal behind that action.

b. Translation Aids

Some key phrases that introduce purpose clauses are “in order that/to,” “so that,” or “on behalf of.”

c. Clarification

Votaw makes a distinction between “distinct and specific” and “modified and general” purpose clauses. I have chosen not to maintain this division for simplicity’s sake. In addition, some of this examples in their respective categories should be labeled differently (e.g., epexegetical). Similarly, Allen claims purpose infinitives can occur after adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs, or in free relation to the whole sentence. I would label these as epexegetical, leaving “Purpose” to describe infinitives which function on the clausal level.

As Wallace writes, “Technically, there are really two subgroups that share the idea of movement toward an end … Thus, one kind involves intention, the other mere direction (or sometimes even tendency).” In this project I have made respective categories to match this distinction. This category involves the former, in that the infinitive provides the goal or intended result of the main verb. “Directional Purpose” is another function which describes the direction or spatial goal toward which the subject strives.

The difference between purpose and result is not always clear, though the definitions intend on making them quite distinct. The difficulty comes in the incomplete knowledge of the reader and the ambiguity of the author. The goals of purpose infinitives are often met, which would meet the requirements of “Result.” However, the reader is left to discern the purpose of the author, whether he emphasizes the intent of the action or not. The following patterns were noticed throughout the literature to make this distinction more probable.

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 8:7 καὶ ἀπέστειλεν τὸν κόρακα τοῦ ἰδεῖν εἰ κεκόπακεν τὸ ὕδωρ

and he sent the raven out to see if the water had ceased

Gen 43:18ἡμεῖς εἰσαγόμεθα τοῦ συκοφαντῆσαι ἡμᾶς καὶ ἐπιθέσθαι ἡμῖν

We are brought in (for him) to defraud us and to penalize us

Lev 21:21 πᾶς ᾧ ἐστιν ἐν αὐτῷ μῶμος ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος Ααρων τοῦ ἱερέως οὐκ ἐγγιεῖτοῦ προσενεγκεῖν τὰς θυσίας

Everyone from the seed of Aaron the priest who has a blemish on him will not draw near to offer sacrifices

Ps 8:3 ἐκ στόματος νηπίων καὶ θηλαζόντων κατηρτίσω αἶνον ἕνεκα τῶν ἐχθρῶν σου τοῦκαταλῦσαι ἐχθρὸν καὶ ἐκδικητήν

From the mouth of infants and sucklings you prepare praise on account of your enemies, in order to destroy the enemy and the avenger.

Ps 26:2 ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν ἐπ᾽ ἐμὲ κακοῦντας τοῦ φαγεῖν τὰς σάρκας μου

when those doing evil draw near against me to eat my flesh

Amos 8:5 ἀνοίξομεν θησαυροὺς τοῦ ποιῆσαι μικρὸν μέτρον καὶ τοῦ μεγαλῦναι στάθμιακαὶ ποιῆσαι ζυγὸν ἄδικον

we will open the storehouses to make the measure small and to enlarge the weight and to make the balance unjust

Isa 49:6ἰδοὺ τέθεικά σε εἰς διαθήκην γένους εἰς φῶς ἐθνῶν τοῦ εἶναί σε εἰς σωτηρίαν ἕωςἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς

Behold, I have placed you as a covenant of a race, as a light of nations, so that you might be as salvation until the last of the earth.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

1 Macc 3:20 αὐτοὶ ἔρχονται ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἐν πλήθει ὕβρεως καὶ ἀνομίας τοῦ ἐξᾶραι ἡμᾶς καὶτὰς γυναῖκας ἡμῶν καὶ τὰ τέκνα ἡμῶν τοῦ σκυλεῦσαι ἡμᾶς

They come against us in much pride and iniquity to remove us and our wives and our children, and to spoil us.

1 Macc 3:39 καὶ ἀπέστειλεν μετ᾽ αὐτῶν τεσσαράκοντα χιλιάδας ἀνδρῶν καὶἑπτακισχιλίαν ἵππον τοῦ ἐλθεῖν εἰς γῆν Ιουδα καὶ καταφθεῖραι αὐτὴν

And he sent with them forty thousand men and seven thousand horses, to go into the land of Judah and to destroy it.

1 En. 89:45 καὶ ὁ κύριος τῶν προβάτων ἀπέστειλεν τὸν ἄρνα τοῦτον ἐπὶ ἄρνα ἕτερον, τοῦστῆσαι αὐτὸν εἰς κριὸν ἐν ἀρχῇ τῶν προβάτων ἀντὶ τοῦ κριοῦ τοῦ ἀφέντος τὴνὁδὸν αὐτοῦ.

And the Lord of the sheep sent this lamb against the other lamb, so that it might stand as a ram in rule of the sheep instead of the ram which left his way.

T. Reu. 2:3 καὶ ἕτερα ἑπτὰ πνεύματα ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ἐπὶ τῆς κτίσεως, τοῦ εἶναι ἐν αὐτοῖς πᾶνἔργον ἀνθρώπου.

And another seven spirits were given to him at creation, so that every work of man might be by them.

Mos. 2.48οὐ γὰρ οἷά τις συγγραφεὺς ἐπετήδευσε παλαιῶν πράξεων καταλιπεῖνὑπομνήματα τοῖς ἔπειτα τοῦ ψυχαγωγῆσαι

For, like any other scribe, he did not pursue leaving behind remembrances of ancient actions to those (coming) after in order to deceive

C. Ap. 2.46καὶ τοῦ γραφῆναι ταῦτα καλῶς τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν ἐπέταξεν οὐ τοῖς τυχοῦσιν

and so that these things were written well, he did not command the charge to persons selected by fate

Greek:

Polyb. 5.31.3τοῦ μὲν γὰρ μὴ τῆς τῶν κατὰ μέρος καιρῶν ἀκριβείας διαμαρτάνειν τοὺςἀκούοντας ἱκανὴν τοῖς φιλομαθοῦσι πεπείσμεθα παρασκευάζειν ἐμπειρίαν

For indeed, we are confident to prepare sufficient acquaintance for those learning for the hearers not failing to obtain precision of times in part

Geogr. 15.1.66αἴρεσθαι φορτίον ἕκαστον εἰς διατροφὴν τοῦ ἔτους, τὸν δ᾽ ἄλλονἐμπιπράναι τοῦ ἔχειν εἰσαῦθις ἐργάζεσθαι καὶ μὴ ἀργὸν εἶναι.

each taking a load for sustenance of a year and burning the other to have afterwards towork and not to be idle

Diod. 1.70.10οὐ γὰρ μόνον τοῦ χρηματίζειν ἢ κρίνειν ἦν καιρὸς ὡρισμένος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦπεριπατῆσαι καὶ λούσασθαι καὶ κοιμηθῆναι μετὰ τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ καθόλου τῶνκατὰ τὸν βίον πραττομένων ἁπάντων.

For time was being designated not only for negotiating or judging, but also for walking and washing and sleeping with the wife and, in general, doing all things according to life.

One could say the infinitives modify the noun καιρός, but it seems much more likely the participle takes the infinitives as providing the purpose of such designated segments of time.

Troj. (11) 21τὸ νέφος, ὅ περιεκάλυψεν ὁ Ζεὺς τοῦ μὴ φανερὸς γενέσθαι

the cloud, which Zeus wrapped around (him) to not become manifest

Herm. Sim. 5 6:2καὶ ὁ υἱὸς κατέστησε τοὺς ἀγγέλους ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς τοῦ συντηρεῖν ἑκάστους

and the Son appointed the angels over them to keep each of them

3.Direct Object of Certain Verbs (Regular)

a. Definition

Just as the infinitive functions as the subject of a sentence, so it can give the object of the main verb. That is, the infinitive receives the action of the main verb.

b. Translation Aids

A gerund translation is often appropriate for the infinitive. Yet, since the verb takes a genitive object, the words “of” or “from” can be used to connect the verb with the object (e.g., “taking hold of X”).

c. Clarification

This function is similar to predicate nominatives, but the main verbs are transitive in nature, not equative. Thus, the infinitive receives the action of the main verb. In these cases, the article τό should be viewed as accusative.

“A number of verbs characteristically take a genitive direct object. These verbs commonly correspond in meaning to some other function of the genitive, e.g., separation, partitive, source, etc. The predominant uses can be grouped into four types of verbs: sensation, emotion/volition, sharing, ruling.” Wallace and BDF parse out these general headings into the following categories: sharing, touching, desiring, filling, perceiving, considering, ruling, and accusing. If the reader is uncertain whether the main verb takes a genitive object, LSJ and BDAG can be used to confirm. Hewlett lists the following verbs in his section on verbs of hindering and separation, but they seem to have a more general nature: ἄρχομαι, ἐγγεύομαι, κατακρατέω, κρατέω, λείπω, μετέχω, προνοέομαι, στοχάζομαι, φροντίζω.

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Gen 8:12 πάλιν ἐξαπέστειλεν τὴν περιστεράν καὶ οὐ προσέθετο τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι πρὸςαὐτὸν ἔτι.

He again sent out the dove, and she did not continue returning to him again.

Gen 38:26 καὶ οὐ προσέθετο ἔτι τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτήν

and he did not continue again to know her

The verb takes an accusative object, and LSJ (1527) claims only the LXX and NT use it with an infinitive. These are either simple or genitive articular. There are examples in the non-translated books, though (e.g., Odes 6:5; Pss. Sol. 5:4). I’m going to leave this as object for now because the verb takes an object, as opposed to δυναμαι and μελλω.

Cf. Exod 9:34 (variant is important); Josh 23:13.

Ps 35:4 οὐκ ἐβουλήθη συνιέναι τοῦ ἀγαθῦναι (of verbal)

he does not want to understand doing good

Ps 76:10 ἢ ἐπιλήσεται τοῦ οἰκτιρῆσαι ὁ θεὸς;

Or will God forget to pity?

Joel 2:21 θάρσει γῆ χαῖρε καὶ εὐφραίνου ὅτι ἐμεγάλυνεν κύριος τοῦ ποιῆσαι

Be of good courage, land; rejoice and be glad, because the Lord has magnified (His) working for the Lord has done great things.

This is parallel with verse twenty, which has an accusative object τὰ ἔργα.

Amos 4:4 εἰσήλθατε εἰς Βαιθηλ καὶ ἠνομήσατε καὶ εἰς Γαλγαλα ἐπληθύνατε τοῦἀσεβῆσαι

You went into Bethel and acted lawlessly, and you cause committing sacrilege to increase at Galgala

*Mic 6:8 τί κύριος ἐκζητεῖ παρὰ σοῦ ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τοῦ ποιεῖν κρίμα καὶ ἀγαπᾶν ἔλεος καὶἕτοιμον εἶναι τοῦ πορεύεσθαι μετὰ κυρίου θεοῦ σου;

Or what does the Lord require from you other than doing judgment and loving mercy and being ready to walk with the Lord your God?

Like προστιθημι, ζητεω usually takes an accusative object or an infinitive. Since it takes an object, I’m leaving these genitives here as objects.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

1 En. 101:1 κατανοήσατε τοίνυν, υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, τὰ ἔργα τοῦ ὑψίστου καὶ φοβήθητετοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ.

Consider then, sons of men, the works of the Most High, and fear doing evil before Him.

T. Ab. 4:4B καὶ ἤγγισεν ὁ ἥλιος τοῦ δῦναι·

and the sun approached going down

Jos. Asen. 9:2 καὶ μετενόει ἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν αὐτῆς, ὧν ἐσέβετο, καὶ περιέμενε τοῦ γενέσθαιἑσπέραν.

And she repented from her gods, whom she worshipped, and she waited (for) evening to come.

Spec. 1.193εἶτ᾽ ἐπὶ πᾶσιν ὑπέμνησε τοῦ μὴ ἁμαρτάνειν διὰ τῆς θυσίας τοῦ περὶ ἁμαρτίας

Last of all he mentioned not sinning through the sacrifice which is for sin

A.J. 4.13οὐδ᾽ ὁ θεὸς δὲ ἠμέλησε τοῦ μηδὲν αὐτοὺς παθεῖν τῶν δεινῶν

and neither did God allow them suffering none of the dreadful things

A.J. 4.298μὴ πόθῳ τούτων φειδόμενοι τοῦ ζῆν καὶ τηροῦντες αὑτοὺς εἰς τὴν τούτωνἀπόλαυσιν ἐθελοκακήσωσι περὶ τὰς γυναῖκας (of verbal)

lest they become cowardly concerning their wives, having consideration for living because of passion for these things and keeping themselves for the enjoyment of these things

Greek:

Polyb. 4.82.8κατεκράτησε δ᾽ οὖν ὅμως τοῦ γενέσθαι στρατηγὸν Ἐπήρατον Φαραιέα, τὸνδὲ Τιμόξενον ἐκπεσεῖν

and he likewise prevailed over Eperatus of Pharae being strategus, and Timoxenus falling

LSJ (895) says the verb takes a genitive object.

Polyb. 5.100.11αὐτὸς δὲ τῆς μὲν διαλύσεως ὠλιγώρει, τοῦ δὲ πράττειν τι τῶν ἑξῆςἀντείχετο.

But he certainly esteems lightly the separating, but he was holding to doing something of the (things) of order.

Diod. 3.49.4στοχαζόμενοι τοῦ προτερεῖν ταῖς εὐκινησίαις ἐν τοῖς διωγμοῖς καὶ πάλιν ἐνταῖς ἀποχωρήσεσι (of verbal)

aiming at having advantage with reference to agility in chasings and again in retreats

Rhod. (31) 16οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι δέονται καὶ στεφάνου καὶ εἰκόνος καὶ προεδρίας καὶ τοῦμνημονεύεσθαι.

And men need both a crown and image and attention and being remembered.

Ench. 33.10βοῆς δὲ καὶ τοῦ ἐπιγελᾶν τινι ἢ ἐπὶ πολὺ συγκινεῖσθαι παντελῶς ἀπέχου.

And you must abstain from a shout and from laughing at something or being completely stirred over much.

Chaer. 6.6.6σὺ δὲ ἐκέλευσάς μοι, δέσποτα, προνοεῖσθαι τοῦ λαθεῖν. (of verbal)

Now you commanded me, Master, to provide for escaping notice.

Mart. Pol. 8:3οἱ δὲ ἀποτυχόντες τοῦ πεῖσαι αὐτὸν δεινὰ ῥήματα ἔλεγον αὐτῷ (of verbal)

And those who failed to persuade him were speaking terrible words to him

e. Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Greek:

Polyb. 3.32.10ἀλλ᾽ ὅσῳ διαφέρει τὸ μαθεῖν τοῦ μόνον ἀκοῦσαι

but as much as learning differs only from hearing

LSJ lists the verb as meaning “differing” as intransitively, yet the verb is followed by a genitive (418; BDAG, 239). This genitive could then be considered the direct object or perhaps separation or comparative.

Diatr. 1.7.27ἀλλὰ συγκαθήσει μέν, οὐκ ἐπιστραφήσεται δὲ τοῦ μὴ εἰκῇ καὶ ὡς ἔτυχενἀναστρέφεσθαι ἐν λόγῳ;

But will he indeed condescend, and will he not regard not behaving rashly and as it chanced in word?

The verb could be used intransitively, i.e., “turning.” In this case, it parallels other structures with a verb of turning. The infinitive would then function as purpose, or more specifically, directional purpose.

1 Clem. 13:1ἀλλ᾽ ἢ ὁ καυχώμενος ἐν κυρίῳ καυχάσθω τοῦ ἐκζητεῖν αὐτὸν καὶ ποιεῖνκρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην

But rather the one who boasts in the Lord must boast of seeking Him and doing judgment and righteousness

LSJ says the verb is transitive (932) with either an accusative or participle, but possibly also a genitive (cf. BDAG, 536, which lists no genitive examples). The reason this is possible is it seems counterintuitive to the Christian mindset. The parallel NT passages (1 Cor 1:31; 2 Cor 10:17) do not have infinitives. On the other hand, the OT passage on which this is based (Jer 9:23-24) has two simple infinitives as objects of the verb.

4.Epexegetical/Reference (Adjective or Adverb)

a. Definition

b. Translation Aids

c. Clarification

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 3:6καὶ εἶδεν ἡ γυνὴ ὅτι καλὸν τὸ ξύλον εἰς βρῶσιν … καὶ ὡραῖόν ἐστιν τοῦκατανοῆσαι

and the woman saw that the tree (is) good for food … and it is beautiful to gaze upon

What does the Lord seek from you but doing judgment and loving mercy and being prepared to walk with the Lord your God?

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

1 Macc 5:39 παρεμβάλλουσιν πέραν τοῦ χειμάρρου ἕτοιμοι τοῦ ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ σὲ εἰς πόλεμον

they have pitched their tents across the brook, ready to come against you in battle

4 Bar. 4:4 διότι ἡμεῖς οὐχ εὑρέθημεν ἄξιοι τοῦ φυλάξαι αὐτάς, ὅτι ἐπίτροποι τοῦ ψεύδουςἐγενήθημεν.

Because we were not found worthy of guarding them, because we became stewards of the lie.

*A.J. 2.48καὶ τοῦ χαρίζεσθαι τῇ δεσποίνῃ τὴν τῆς σωφροσύνης δόκησιν ἐπίπροσθεθέμενον (adverb)

and placing the claim of sobriety before gratifying the mistress

Joseph placed chastity over sexual gratification. This could be merely epexegetical, but the adverb does have a sense of degree (LSJ, 653). Otherwise, I would have to label this as comparative, in preferring one thing over another.

A.J. 4.225μὴ γὰρ μακρὰν εἶναι τοῦ καὶ τοὺς νόμους ὑπερβαίνειν τοὺς τὸν ὅρονμετακινοῦντας (adverb)

for those who remove the boundary are not far also from disobeying the laws

This could also be Separation, but I don’t know yet if the latter modifies a verb or if an idea of motion is usually present.

A.J. 6.17τοῦ τε μένειν τὴν κιβωτὸν παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἀναξίους ἀποφαίνοντες αὑτοὺς

declaring them (as) unworthy of the ark remaining with them

A.J. 6.265καὶ ὅτε μάλιστα δεῖ τῆς εὐσεβείας αὐτοῖς καὶ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἔγγιστα τοῦφθονεῖσθαι γεγενημένοις

and when especially there is need of godliness and righteousness for them, having become closest to coveting

Greek:

Geogr. 7.2.1καὶ φεύγοντας ἐγγὺς γενέσθαι τοῦ περικαταληφθῆναι (adverb)

and, (though) fleeing, to be near to being

Geogr. 7.3.6τῶν δὲ πόρρω πολλὴν ἔχειν ἀπειρίαν, ἀπείρους μὲν μακρῶν ὁδῶν ὄντας ἀπείρους δὲ τοῦ ναυτίλλεσθαι

but to have much ignorance of far away (places), being ignorant of long journeys and of navigating

Geogr. 7.3.13 καὶ ἐγγὺς μὲν ἥκουσι τοῦ ὑπακούειν Ῥωμαίων (adverb)

and indeed they have come near to listening to the Romans

Sec. (20) 10καὶ οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς ἐμποδών ἐστιν ἐν τοσούτῳ πλήθει τοῦ διδάσκειν τε καῖμανθάνειν

and nothing is hindering to them in this great multitude from teaching and learning

The infinitives are reference, giving the areas in which the children were not hindered.

Conc. Apam. (40) 1οὔτε τοῦ λέγειν οὔτε τοῦ πράττειν ἐνδεῶς ἔχοντας

being deficient neither in speaking nor in doing

The modified word is an adverb, but it functions here as an adjective. In either case, the infinitives are epexegetical/reference.

P. Oxy. 1663.10–12οὐ μόνον διὰ τὸ ἦθος τὸ χρηστὸν ἄξιον τοῦ τυχεῖν

not only because of (his) good character (being) worthy of obtaining (this)

Diatr. 3.24.49τοῦ ἐπὶ θύρας ἐλθεῖν ἄξιον τὸ πρᾶγμα: ἔστω, ἀφίξομαι. τοῦ διαλεχθῆναιοὕτως: ἔστω, διαλεχθήσομαι.

The matter (is) worthy of going to the door; let it be, I will arrive. (Worthy) of being examined this way; let it be, I examine.

Herm. Vis. 3 8:1κατεπίθυμος ὢν τοῦ θεάσασθαι

being very eager to behold

5.Separation (Spatial) (all of these need to check verbs whether with genitive or not)

a. Definition

The infinitive indicates departure from a state or activity or the decision to stay away from something in the present or future time.

b. Translation Aids

Some key phrases for this function are “away from” or “out of.”

c. Clarification

This is a lexically based category where the modified word (often a verb) implies motion away from or distance from another action.

“Separation” can be similar to “Source,” but the latter stresses the cause or origin of the action, while this category emphasizes the resultant state or action.

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Isa 59:15καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια ἦρται καὶ μετέστησαν τὴν διάνοιαν τοῦ συνιέναι

And truth has been taken away, and they turned the mind from understanding.

*Hos 8:10 καὶ κοπάσουσι μικρὸν τοῦ χρίειν βασιλέα καὶ ἄρχοντας.

And they will cease from anointing a king and rulers for a while.

The verb is intransitive, and in Jonah 1:11 takes ἀπό. Otherwise, this would be object of ceasing verb.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

3 Macc. 2:28μηδένα τῶν μὴ θυόντων εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ αὐτῶν εἰσιέναι πάντας δὲ τοὺςΙουδαίους εἰς λαογραφίαν καὶ οἰκετικὴν διάθεσιν ἀχθῆναι τοὺς δὲ ἀντιλέγονταςβίᾳ φερομένους τοῦ ζῆν μεταστῆσαι

That none of those who did not sacrifice should enter their temples, and that all Jews should be forced toward enrollment and household disposition, and to remove those who oppose (it) from living, being carried with force

A.J. 2.27διὰ φθόνον τῶν ἐσομένων ἀγαθῶν αὐτῷ τοῦ ζῆν ἐξαγαγεῖν διεγνωκότων

resolving to lead (him) away from living because of envy of those things being good to him

A.J. 4.189οὐ γὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἐξόδου τοῦ ζῆν δυσχεραίνοντας καταλιπεῖν ἠξίουν εἰς τὴνἀνάμνησιν φέρων

for I do not think (it) proper, at (my) exit from living, to leave (you) grieving by bringing (them) to remembrance

A.J. 4.195Μωυσῆς δ᾽ αὐτοὺς παρηγόρει καὶ τοῦ δακρύων αὐτὸν ἄξιον ὑπολαμβάνεινἀπάγων αὐτοὺς χρῆσθαι τῇ πολιτείᾳ παρεκάλει

But Moses consoled them and, by leading them away from considering him worthy of tears, encourages to use the form of government

A.J. 5.116αὐτῷ γὰρ καλῶς ἔχειν ἀπιέναι μέλλοντι τοῦ ζῆν παραίνεσιν αὐτοῖς τοιαύτηνκαταλιπεῖν

for being good to him, who was about to be away from living, to leave for them such admonition

Greek:

Polyb. 2.6.9ἀπεῖχον τοῦ πειράζειν ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἠδικηκότας ἢ χάριν ἀποδιδόναι τοῖςβοηθήσασιν

(The Epirots) were far from attempting to retaliate on those having done wrong or offering favor to those who helped.

This verb could be stative or transitive. Either way, it could take a genitive of separation or direct object. In this context, though, the Epirots were saved unexpectedly and thus do not seem to have made a concerted effort to act imprudently.

Polyb. 3.2.5ἠνάγκασαν αὐτοὺς ἀποστῆναι τοῦ παραγωγιάζειν τοὺς πλέοντας εἰς τὸνΠόντον

They urged them to turn from levying tolls on the ships to Pontus.

If the verb were transitive in this instance, it could be object of ceasing verb.

Polyb. 4.71.1ταῦτ᾽ οὖν πάντα συνορῶν καὶ συλλογιζόμενος ὁ Φίλιππος τὰ μὲν ἀφίστατοτοῖς λογισμοῖς τοῦ βιάζεσθαι καὶ πολιορκεῖν τὴν πόλιν

Philip, observing all these things and considering (them), on one hand stood apart in reasonings from overthrowing and seiging the city.

LSJ (291) makes most sense of these type of clauses with an intransitive verb. BDAG (157–58) says it is transitive if moving someone else, but intransitive if removing oneself or keeping away.

Diod. 2.58.6ὅταν δ᾽ ὁ πρῶτος τελέσας τὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα ἔτη κατὰ τὸν νόμονἀπαλλάξῃ ἑαυτὸν τοῦ ζῆν

and whenever the first, ending the one hundred fifty years, according to the law releases himself from living

Diatr. 2.1.24ὅστις δ᾽ ἀπήλλακται λυπῶν καὶ φόβων καὶ ταραχῶν, οὗτος τῇ αὐτῇ ὁδῷ καὶτοῦ δουλεύειν ἀπήλλακται.

And whoever has been released from grief and fear and distress, this (one) by the same way has even been released from serving.

Chaer. 3.9.4Πυθόμενος γὰρ ὁ Διονύσιος εὐθὺς ἐνεπλήσθη ζηλοτυπίας καὶ πόρρω μὲν ἦντοῦ Χαιρέαν ὑποπτεύειν

For Dionysius, learning (this), was immediately filled with jealousy and indeed was far from suspecting Chaereas.

LXX (translated):

Ps 105:23καὶ εἶπεν τοῦ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι αὐτούς εἰ μὴ Μωυσῆς ὁ ἐκλεκτὸς αὐτοῦ ἔστη ἐν τῇθραύσει ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀποστρέψαι τὴν ὀργὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ μὴ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι

And he said to destroy them unless Moses, his chosen one, stood in the breach before him, to turn away his wrath to not destroy.

αποστρεφω takes an accusative object, and the final infinitive could be the target which is avoided (i.e., separation). The only thing to give pause is the negative particle, which forces me to think this is purpose.

Hab 3:16ἀναπαύσομαι ἐν ἡμέρᾳ θλίψεως τοῦ ἀναβῆναι εἰς λαὸν παροικίας μου

I will rest in the day of affliction from going up to the people of my sojourning.

In middle/passive voice, the verb seems to be more “resting/ceasing” from an activity, so separation. NETS (809) translates, “ I will rest on a day of affliction to go up to a people,” (i.e., purpose).

Jewish:

*Sir 18:22 μὴ ἐμποδισθῇς τοῦ ἀποδοῦναι εὐχὴν εὐκαίρως

You must not be hindered from paying back the vow in due time.

This is an object of a hindering verb, but the passive verb cannot take an object.

6.Comparative

a. Definition

The infinitive is the object or action against which another term is compared. The other term is either better or worse than the action of the infinitive in some way.

b. Translation Aids

Before the infinitive, one should insert “than” to emphasize the comparative nuance.With verbs of choosing, one could translate the infinitive as “more than” or “over.”

c. Clarification

These infinitives occur after comparative adjectives, often noticeable with the –τεροςending. In addition, with certain structures verbs of choosing or preferring belong here, for the subject is not choosing one thing “instead of” another. He may desire both circumstances, but he prefers one if faced with a choice. One could separate verbs of choosing from this category, but some constructions with this collocation (ὑπὲρ τό) are defined as comparative in the lexicons (cf. BDAG, 1031; LSJ, 1858). Therefore, I have included them here and widened the boundaries of “comparison.”

The following verbs or nouns take this type of infinitive.

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 4:13 εἶπεν Καιν πρὸς τὸν κύριον μείζων ἡ αἰτία μου τοῦ ἀφεθῆναί με.

Cain said to the Lord God, My accusation (is) greater than me being released.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

*Opif. 1.81δῆλον γὰρ ὡς εὐμαρέστερον τοῦ τὰ μὴ ὄντα εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγεῖν τὸ τὴν ἐκτῶν ὄντων φορὰν ἄνευ τέχνης γεωργικῆς ἐπιδαψιλεύσασθαι.

For that giving freely the produce from which exists without the craft of farming (is) easier than bringing what does not exist into being (is) evident.

Ios. 1.20ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῦ ἀδικεῖσθαι τὸ ἀδικεῖν χαλεπώτερον

since also doing wrong (is) more difficult than being wronged

Praem. 1.27τοῦ δὲ πιστεύειν θεῷ καὶ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου χαίρειν καὶ ὁρᾶν ἀεὶ τὸ ὂν τί ἂνὠφελιμώτερον ἢ σεμνότερον ἐπινοήσειέ τις;

And what could someone contrive (as) more beneficial or more honorable than believing God and rejoicing through all of life and seeing the One always being?

A.J. 1.159Ἑκαταῖος δὲ καὶ τοῦ μνησθῆναι πλέον τι πεποίηκε

But Hecataeus also has done something more than mention (Abram)

A.J. 4.30προτιμῶν τοῦ τὸ γέρας ἔχειν τὸ μὴ στασιάζοντας ὑμᾶς ὁρᾶν

preferring to see you not quarreling over having honor

He chooses one thing over another. He is not exchanging or substituting one thing for the other.

C. Ap. 2.293–94τί δὲ τοῦ πειθαρχεῖν τοῖς νόμοις δικαιότερον 294ἢ τί συμφορώτερον τοῦπρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁμονοεῖν

Now what is more just than obeying laws? 294Or what is more beneficial than living in harmony toward one another?

Greek:

Polyb. 3.81.1ὡς εἴ τις οἴεται κυριώτερόν τι μέρος εἶναι στρατηγίας τοῦ γνῶναι τὴνπροαίρεσιν καὶ φύσιν τοῦ τῶν ἐναντίων ἡγεμόνος

as if someone supposes some part of a general to be more dominating than knowing the purpose and nature of the leader of the opponents

Diod. 3.13.3ποθεινότερον δὲ τοῦ ζῆν τὸν θάνατον προσδέχονται.

And they receive death (as) more desirable than living.

Avar. (17) 11καίτοι τί τοῦ ζῆν ἀναγκαιότερόν ἐστιν

Indeed, what is more necessary than living?

Rhod. (31) 25τοσούτῳ δὲ τοῦτο ἐκείνου κάκιον ὅσῳ τὸ αὐτὸν ἀδικεῖν τοῦ μὴ σφόδρακωλύειν ἕτερον.

And this (is) just as worse than that as him commiting evil (is worse than) not hindering another vigorously.

Rhod. (31) 110καὶ τοῦτον πολλοὶ προτετιμήκασι τοῦ ζῆν

and many have honored this (more than) living

Nicom. (38) 16οὐχ ὡς τὸ μάχεσθαι κρεῖττον ὂν ἢ ἥδιον καὶ δικαιότερον τοῦ τὴν εἰρήνηνἄγειν

not as fighting (is) greater than or more pleasant and more righteous than leading peace

Diffid. (74) 4ἀλλ̓ ὃν ἂν ἁπάντων προτιμῶσιν ἤδη καὶ τοῦ ζῆν

but whomever they honor already (more than) all things, even (more than) living

Diatr. 1.2.10μείζονα ἀξίαν ἔχει τὸ λαβεῖν τροφὰς τοῦ μὴ λαβεῖν καὶ μείζονα ἀπαξίαν τὸδαρῆναι τοῦ μὴ δαρῆναι

Receiving food has greater value than not receiving and being skinned (has) greater disvalue than not being skinned.

Ign. Rom. 2:2πλέον μοι μὴ παράσχησθε τοῦ σπονδισθῆναι θεῷ ὡς ἔτι θυσιαστήριονἕτοιμόν ἐστιν

Do not offer for me more than being poured out to God while the altar is ready

LXX (translated):

Mic 5:2 καὶ σύ Βηθλεεμ οἶκος τοῦ Εφραθα ὀλιγοστὸς εἶ τοῦ εἶναι ἐν χιλιάσιν Ιουδα

And you, Bethleem, house of Ephratha, are one of a few to be among the thousands of Judah

This could be a superlative form of ολιγος, meaning the fewest in number compared to the thousands of Judah. The infinitive could also have a partitive idea: Bethlehem is composed of a few which contribute to the larger number of Judean inhabitants. This would be reference or epexegetical.

7.Means

a. Definition

The infinitival form describes the instrumental action that accomplishes the main verb. The infinitive is a separate action that leads to the accomplishment of the main verb. If the means infinitive is removed, the point of the main verb is absent.

b. Translation Aids

The most common way to introduce an instrumental sense is by inserting “by” before the infinitive.

c. Clarification

Just as purpose infinitives answer “Why?” so means infinitives answer the question “How?” One should also distinguish means from manner. The latter is typically abstract and merely adds color to the verb. It involves an accompanying attitude or emotion. Means infinitives describe the instrumental action that is necessary to accomplish the main verb. The final, and perhaps most difficult, distinction to make is between means and causal infinitives. “It is not always easy or possible to draw a line between the instrumental and the causal use of the dative infinitive, which sometimes expresses what may be looked upon either as the cause or the means.” Ideally, means is instrumental and at least contains some type of simultaneous action to the main verb. Causal infinitives are antecedent in time and provide the basis or reason for which the state of the verb is true or the action of the verb is done.

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Gen 19:21 ἐθαύμασά σου τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ ῥήματι τούτῳ τοῦ μὴ καταστρέψαι τὴνπόλιν

I respected your face (i.e., person) also at this word, so as not to ruin the city

This is speaking of two actions (so not epexegetical result), and one could say the latter results from the former. But, “not destroying the city” demonstrates how the angel honored Lot’s request.

Gen 47:29καὶ ποιήσεις ἐπ᾽ ἐμὲ ἐλεημοσύνην καὶ ἀλήθειαν τοῦ μή με θάψαι ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ

and you will make mercy and truth toward me, to bury me not in Egypt

The way for Joseph to show mercy is by not burying his father in Egypt.

*Lev 21:9 καὶ θυγάτηρ ἀνθρώπου ἱερέως ἐὰν βεβηλωθῇ τοῦ ἐκπορνεῦσαι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦπατρὸς αὐτῆς αὐτὴ βεβηλοῖ

And the daughter of a man who is a priest, if she is profaned by committing fornication, she profanes the name of her father.

*Ps 77:18 καὶ ἐξεπείρασαν τὸν θεὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν τοῦ αἰτῆσαι βρώματα ταῖςψυχαῖς αὐτῶν

And they tempted God in their hearts, demanding meat for their lives.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

1 Macc 3:29 χάριν τῆς διχοστασίας καὶ πληγῆς ἧς κατεσκεύασεν ἐν τῇ γῇ τοῦ ἆραι τὰνόμιμα ἃ ἦσαν ἀφ᾽ ἡμερῶν τῶν πρώτων

because of the dissension and affliction which he had produced in the land by taking away the laws which were from the first days

This is also close to a Causal sense.

Pss. Sol. 2:8 ὅτι πονηρὰ ἐποίησαν εἰς ἅπαξ τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν.

because they did evil once again so as not to hear (i.e., “by not listening”)

One could say this is Causal, but that nuance is not well documented. Well, maybe it has Jewish support, see next category.

Greek:

Diod. 1.5.2τοὺς δὲ διασκευάζειν εἰωθότας τὰς βίβλους ἀποτρέψαι τοῦ λυμαίνεσθαι τὰςἀλλοτρίας πραγματείας

and (desiring) to turn away those accustomed to preparing books from ruining others’ diligent studies

P. Oxy. 1295.3–4ἰδοὺ μὲν ἐγὼ οὐκ ἐμιμησάμην σε τοῦ ἀπ[οσπ]ᾶν τὸν υἱόν μου

Behold indeed, I did not imitate you by taking away my son

LXX (translated):

Gen 43:18ἡμεῖς εἰσαγόμεθα τοῦ συκοφαντῆσαι ἡμᾶς καὶ ἐπιθέσθαι ἡμῖν τοῦ λαβεῖν ἡμᾶςεἰς παῖδας καὶ τοὺς ὄνους ἡμῶν

We are brought in to defraud us and to penalize us, to take us and our donkeys as servants

The third infinitive could possibly give the means of penalization if it were to modify the second infinitive. This demands a specific semantic range for ἐπιτίθημι which could also mean something more general (i.e., “attack, take advantage of”), and λαβεῖν could also modify the main verb.

Exod 8:29μὴ προσθῇς ἔτι, Φαραώ, ἐξαπατῆσαι τοῦ μὴ ἐξαποστεῖλαι τὸν λαὸν θῦσαικυρίῳ

Do not continue still, Pharaoh, to deceive, so as not to send the people away to sacrifice to the Lord.

One could argue that Pharoah would not be deceitful until he refused to let the people go. This would make the infinitive instrumental. On the other hand, he could be deceitful at the moment of speaking, which would result in his refusal to let them go.

Jewish:

Pss. Sol. 7:10 κατευθυνεῖς ἡμᾶς ἐν καιρῷ ἀντιλήψεώς σου τοῦ ἐλεῆσαι τὸν οἶκον Ιακωβ

You will direct us in the time of your support, to show mercy on the house of Jacob

The infinitive could give the means of divine direction or the infinitive could further describe the “time of support.”

8.Subject

a. Definition

The genitive articular infinitive rarely serves as the subject of the main verb, as no other substantive or clause functions as such in the sentence. That is, no other person or agent performs the action or is acted upon from a syntactical perspective.

b. Translation Aids

The infinitive will most likely be translated as a gerund. As Wallace notes, “In place of the infinitive (or infinitive phrase), substitute X. Then say the sentence with this substitution. If X could be replaced by an appropriate noun functioning as subject, then the infinitive is most likely a subject infinitive.”

c. Clarification

In equative clauses confusion can arise from having both a subject and predicate nominative. The reader is directed to the function of “Predicate Nominative” below to clarify the distinction between these two uses. In short, the subject is the known entity, indicated by a pronoun (except for interrogative pronouns), a proper name, or an articular substantive.

One should also note that the infinitive is not limited to functioning as subject of finite verbs. Participles in either the nominative or accusative case can take an infinitival agent in the respective case. In addition, since I agree with the simplicity of designating certain accusative nouns as “subjects” of an infinitive and not “accusatives of reference,” I have labeled several accusative articular infinitives as “subjects” of other infinitives in the same clause. A few are listed below.

[[A.J. 6.265καὶ ὅτε μάλιστα δεῖ τῆς εὐσεβείας αὐτοῖς καὶ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἔγγιστα τοῦφθονεῖσθαι γεγενημένοις

and when especially godliness and righteousness is necessary for them, having become closest to coveting

This is interesting example for the discussion, since the impersonal verb is used with a genitive noun.

Also: Decal. 1.17ὁ γὰρ πρὸς τὸ ζῆν ἀφθονίαν δοὺς καὶ τὰς πρὸς τὸ εὖ ζῆν ἀφορμὰςἐδωρεῖτο· πρὸς μὲν οὖν τὸ ζῆν σιτίων ἔδει καὶ ποτῶν, ἅπερ ἀνεύρισκον οὐχἑτοιμασάμενοι πρὸς δὲ τὸ εὖ ζῆν νόμων καὶ διαταγμάτων, οἷς βελτιοῦσθαι τὰςψυχὰς ἔμελλον.

For the one giving abundance for living also was presenting the resources for living well; indeed, (one) needs grains and drinks for living, which they were finding though not preparing (them); and (one) needs laws and commands for living well, by which they were about to improve (their) souls.

]]

LSJ, 372, relates to δέω, noting that the verb does take the accusative with an infinitive. These would be subject infinitives. However, it also takes the genitive in an impersonal sense (i.e., “there is need of”). The above example from Josephus would fit here, and LSJ lists other secular sources. LSJ even says it rarely takes a nominative subject (372). This seems like trying to make the verb go both ways, but it does aid the discussion. The genitive infinitive does complement this verb as the logical but not syntactical subject (cf. Burk). I guess these would be complementary or epexegetical of verb (This needs redefined and perhaps may even fit into complementary category, e.g., δυναμαι is complementary but has built in adjective “I am able”).

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Ps 126:2εἰς μάτην ὑμῖν ἐστιν τοῦ ὀρθρίζειν.

Rising early is as in vain for you.

*Mic 3:1οὐχ ὑμῖν ἐστιν τοῦ γνῶναι τὸ κρίμα;

Knowing judgment is for you, is it not?

*Isa 49:6 μέγα σοί ἐστιν τοῦ κληθῆναί σε παῖδά μου τοῦ στῆσαι τὰς φυλὰς Ιακωβ καὶ τὴνδιασπορὰν τοῦ Ισραηλ ἐπιστρέψαι

You being called my child is great for you, establishing the tribes of Jacob and returning the dispersion of Israel.

The lack of coordinating conjunction before του στησαι may indicate the final two infinitives have a different function and modify κληθηναι (e.g., purpose; cf. NETS, 862), but the first infinitive is clear (variant is το).

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

Tob (S) 12:6 ἀγαθά τοῦ εὐλογεῖν καὶ ὑμνεῖν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ

Blessing and singing of His name (are) good things.

*1 Macc 14:23καὶ ἤρεσε τῷ δήμῳ ἐπιδέξασθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐνδόξως καὶ τοῦ θέσθαι τὸἀντίγραφον τῶν λόγων αὐτῶν ἐν τοῖς ἀποδεδειγμένοις τῷ δήμῳ βιβλίοις

Receiving the men honorably pleased the people and placing the copy of their words in the books displayed to the people.

Only using the first infinitive here. The second is purpose.

Greek:

Diatr. 3.24.22καὶ οὐ τοῦτό φημι, ὅτι οὐκ ἐπιμελητέον τοῦ μὴ οἰμώζειν αὐτήν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι οὐ δεῖ θέλειν τὰ ἀλλότρια ἐξ ἅπαντος.

And I am not saying this, namely, that her not lamenting (is) not in need of care, but that desiring other things of everyone is not needed.

LSJ lists ἐπιμελητέον is a verbal adjective, but an adjective nonetheless (645). The infinitive is related to it, but at least from an English perspective, an equative verb is needed. This has the same form as all the Jewish examples, so they belong together.

Ign. Rom. 1:1ἐλπίζω ὑμᾶς ἀσπάσασθαι ἐάνπερ θέλημα ᾖ τοῦ ἀξιωθῆναί με εἰς τέλος εἶναι

I hope to greet you if me being considered worthy of being to the end is (His) will

It is perhaps possible for the infinitive to modify θελημα as describing the type of will, but the interrupting verb seems to view one as the subject and the other as the predicate nominative.

Herm. Vis. 3 7:2καὶ οὐκέτι αὐτοῖς ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ μετανοῆσαι διὰ τὰςἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀσελγείας αὐτῶν (or epexegetical)

and no longer does repenting rise in their heart because of the passions of their sensuality

There is no other subject. Holmes inserts “the thought” to make it epexegetical (483).

LXX (translated):

*Ps 91:2–3 ἀγαθὸν τὸ ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ψάλλειν τῷ ὀνόματί σου ὕψιστε(3)τοῦ ἀναγγέλλειν τὸ πρωὶ τὸ ἔλεός σου καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειάν σου κατὰ νύκτα

Giving thanks to the Lord and to make music to your name (is) good, Most High,3to proclaim in the morning your mercy and your truth each night.

NETS (593) translates the infinitive as purpose, but it could be the third item in a series of “good” things. The variant is τό, which implies it was read as a subject.

*Isa 14:31 ὅτι καπνὸς ἀπὸ βορρᾶ ἔρχεται καὶ οὐκ ἔστι τοῦ εἶναι

because smoke comes from the north, and being is not

These are the only words in the text, though NETS (836) notes the words are uncertain. Some type of noun had to be assumed (e.g., hope, possibility).

9.Epexegetical/Reference (Verb)

a. Definition

“Epexegetical” describes the aspect of these infinitives that explains, clarifies, or further defines the state or action of the verb. “Reference” indicates these infinitives qualify a statement that would otherwise not be true. They provide the realm within which the main clause is accurate.

b. Translation Aids

A number of translations can represent these infinitives accurately, including “with reference to,” “regarding,” or “about.”

c. Clarification

Epexegetical or reference infinitive more commonly modify substantives or adjectives, but these infinitives further explain either an adjectival nuance of the main verb or qualify the verb to make it accurate.

Originally (and traditionally), the examples with δύναμαι were placed in a separate category of “complementary infinitives.” These are typically defined as infinitives that supplement or complete the main verb to form a single predicate idea. These are distinct from direct objects, in that they are necessary for the verb to convey a complete idea. Boyer follows the traditional route of widening the categories of verbs under this type of infinitive (e.g., will or desire, pleasing, shaming, seeking, beginning, fearing, allowing, finding, owing). However, some of these can take regular direct objects or function intransitively and do not demand an infinitive.As a result, the only verb I had listed with genitive articular complementary infinitives was δύναμαι. One could correctly argue, though, that “being able” focuses on an adjectival idea, and the infinitive should thus be epexegetical to the verb. This finds support in places where δύναμαιis used intransitively without an infinitive (though one could easily be supplied from the context; cf. LSJ, 452). Therefore, the few examples of δύναμαι with a genitive articular infinitive (which happen to occur only in sources of Jewish background) have been listed here, implying the infinitive does not have to be viewed as completing the verb but offers an explanation of the subject’s ability.

d. Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Exod 2:18παρεγένοντο δὲ πρὸς Ραγουηλ τὸν πατέρα αὐτῶν ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐταῖς τί ὅτιἐταχύνατε τοῦ παραγενέσθαι σήμερον;

And they came to Ragouel their father; and he said to them, Why have you hastened to arrive today?

This infinitive could modify the adjective built into the verb (i.e., quick). The father perhaps is not asking why they hastened to arrive but what type of quickness they demonstrated (i.e., reference). Votaw says the infinitive is the object, but the verb is intransitive.

Ps 39:13 κατέλαβόν με αἱ ἀνομίαι μου καὶ οὐκ ἠδυνήθην τοῦ βλέπειν

My iniquities took hold of me, and I was not able to see.

Isa 28:20αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀσθενοῦμεν τοῦ ἡμᾶς συναχθῆναι

but we ourselves are (too) weak for us to be gathered

LSJ (256; BDAG, 142, does not list uses with the infinitive) says the stative verb can take an infinitive in the sense of “being too weak to” (i.e., unable to) do something. This is parallel to δύναμαι under complementary infinitives. On the other hand, the infinitive could be explaining the degree of weakness, building on the adjective embedded in the verb.

Isa 50:2οὐκ ἰσχύει ἡ χείρ μου τοῦ ῥύσασθαι ἢ οὐκ ἰσχύω τοῦ ἐξελέσθαι

My hand is able to rescue, is it not? Or I am able to deliver, am I not?

The main verb is typically stative, “being strong,” but with the infinitive, it has the nuance of ability (cf. Geogr. 14.2.28; 1 Tars. 33.22).

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

1 Macc 6:27 μείζονα τούτων ποιήσουσιν καὶ οὐ δυνήσῃ τοῦ κατασχεῖν αὐτῶν

They will do greater things than these, and you will not be able to restrain them.

*T. Zeb. 2:5 καὶ οἱ ἁρμοὶ τοῦ σώματός μου ἐξέστησαν καὶ οὐκ ἠδυνάμην τοῦ στῆναι.

And the joints of my body were displaced, and I was not able to stand.

A.J. 6.185ὦ βασιλεῦ σὸς ἔστω κόσμος τοῦ καὶ βαστάζειν δυναμένου

O king, let the armor be yours, even being able to bear it.

A.J. 7.182καὶ πρὸς φιλονεικίαν τραπέντων οὐδενὸς τοῦ καταπαῦσαι δυναμένουπαραφανέντος

and turning toward covetousness, no one appearing being able to stop (it)

Greek:

Polyb. 3.63.12πάντας γὰρ τοὺς ἢ κατὰ προαίρεσιν ἢ κατ᾽ ἀνάγκην τοιαύτῃ προθέσεικεχρημένους οὐδέποτε διεψεῦσθαι τοῦ κρατεῖν τῶν ἀντιταξαμένων

for all those having used such purpose either according to choice or necessity never being cheated of seizing the opponents in battle

LXX (translated):

Amos 4:12ὅτι οὕτως ποιήσω σοι ἑτοιμάζου τοῦ ἐπικαλεῖσθαι τὸν θεόν σου Ισραηλ

Because I will do thus to you, prepare to call on your God, O Israel.

The main verb is middle, calling on the people to prepare themselves, so the direct object is implied. The infinitive is likely purpose, though the prophet could be telling the people to “prepare” themselves with reference to a particular activity.

Jewish:

*1 Macc 14:36 καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ εὐοδώθη ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐξαρθῆναιτὰ ἔθνη ἐκ τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν

For in his days, he prospered with his hands so that the nations were removed from their country

The main verb is intransitive in the passive, but the infinitive could modify the entire clause or focus on the adjective embedded in the verb. The latter would be epexegetical or reference (verb). Other options for this text are means (similar to verbal epexegetical) or actual result. I think the focus of the passage is the definition of “prosperous” as driving the enemies out, so two distinct actions are not in view.

10.Apposition (Genitive)

a. Definition

“An appositional construction involves two adjacent substantives that refer to the same person or thing and have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the clause.” Appositional infinitives, though, are not always precisely adjacent, since the clause will not always immediately follow the head noun or pronoun. Yet, the basic definition remains, and the following infinitives rename or define a prior substantive. As Wallace notes, “The appositional infinitive typically refers to a specific example that falls within the broad category named by the head noun.”

b. Translation Aids

There are two primary aids in identifying appositional infinitives. First, one can place a colon after the main clause and notice if the infinitival clause further labels the aforementioned entity. Second, the reader can insert “namely” between the first substantive and the appositional clause. That is, the infinitival clause could very well have taken the place (and function) of the previous substantive.

c. Clarification

There may be some confusion when discerning whether an infinitive is epexegetical or appositional. Wallace gives the following explanation: “The difference is that the epexegetical infinitive explains the noun or adjective to which it is related, while apposition defines it.” In other words, the epexegetical infinitive modifies a noun or adjective and cannot take its place in the sentence. The appositional infinitive can substitute for its antecedent referent. The reader must be careful then not to mislabel infinitives, particularly with words that can take either type of infinitive (e.g., σημεῖον take an appostional noun in Romans 4:11, “sign of circumcision,” but an epexegetical one in Matthew 24:3, “sign of your coming”).

By definition an appositional infinitive must follow its substantival referent. In addition, most of the examples found in the literature are related to demonstrative pronouns. There are exceptions (e.g., ???), but these are rare.

d. Clear Examples

Jewish:

Ios. 1.76ἑνὸς περιέχεται μόνου τοῦ σῶσαι κατὰ δύναμιν

(that one) would cling to one (thing) only: saving (himself) according to power

Ios. 1.112συγκομίζειν δὲ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῖς δράγμασι … τεττάρων ἕνεκα· ἑνὸς μὲν τοῦσκέπῃ χρώμενον πρὸς πλείω χρόνον διαμένειν ἀδιάφθορον· ἑτέρου δὲ τοῦ καθ᾽ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν γίνεσθαι τῆς εὐθηνίας ὑπόμνησιν ·

and to bring together the crop with the sheaves … for four reasons: indeed for one of remaining uncorrupted for much time by being under a shelter; and of another of being a reminder of prosperity each year;

*Spec. 3.168ἑνὸς γὰρ τοῦ μὴ ἕτερον ἀνθ᾽ ἑτέρου κτείνειν μνησθεὶς καὶ τὰ ἡσυχασθένταπροσπεριέλαβεν.

For although remembering one (punishment), (namely), not killing one instead of another, he also embraces those not mentioned

Spec. 4.127τυχεῖν δὲ ἐπ᾽ ὀλέθρῳ, δυοῖν ἕνεκα· τοῦ τ᾽ ἐπιδείξασθαι ὅτι πάντα θεῷ δυνατά… καὶ τοῦ τιμωρήσασθαι τοὺς γαστρὸς ἀκράτορας

and to obtain toward destruction because of two (things): both to demonstrate that all things are possible to God … and to punish the uncontrolled of belly

Greek:

Polyb. 3.8.9–10ἢ ποῖον πρᾶγμα τούτου δικαιότερον ἢ συμφορώτερον … τοῦ πεισθένταςτότε τοῖς ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων παρακαλουμένοις ἐκδοῦναι μὲν τὸν αἴτιον τῶνἀδικημάτων, ἐπανελέσθαι δ᾽ εὐλόγως δι᾽ ἑτέρων τὸν κοινὸν ἐχθρὸν τῆςπόλεως, περιποιήσασθαι δὲ τῇ χώρᾳ τὴν ἀσφάλειαν

or what type of act (was) more righteous or beneficial than this: … by yielding then to the (things) commanded by the Romans, to give the reason of wrongs, and to destroy reasonably by others the common enemy of the city, and to secure safety for the region

2 Tars. (34) 19οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἄλλως ἢ τῶν κινούντων κακῶν καὶ ταρασσόντωνἀπολυθέντας, φθόνου, πλεονεξίας, φιλονικίας, τοῦ ζητεῖν ἕκαστον αὔξεινἑαυτὸν

For (uniting) is of no other (thing) than destroying the disturbing and troubling evil (things): envy, greed, strife, each seeking to advance himself.

Diatr. 1.27.20οὐ δεῖ κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ τούτων ἀντέχεσθαι, τοῦ τηρῆσαι τὴν συνήθειαν, τοῦ πεφράχθαι πρὸς τὰ κατ᾽ αὐτῆς;

Is not holding fast to these things necessary according to ability: guarding the custom, being fortified with reference to the (things) against it.

The second infinitive could be purpose, but the plural demonstrative implies at least two “things.”

Diatr. 4.13.8τούτου μὲν κρατῶ τοῦ μὴ ὅμοιόν τι ποιῆσαι ἐκείνῳ

I indeed grasp this: not doing something likewise to that (one).

11.Direct Object of Certain Verbs (Ceasing)

COMBINE THIS WITH VERBS OF HINDERING (#17) BUT MAKE SURE THEY ARE ONLY DISTINCT IN RELATIVE TIME

a. Definition

The genitive articular infinitive sometimes functions as the direct object of certain verbs (as was introduced earlier). This is a subcategory of direct object that contains verbs of hindering or ceasing. These two could be divided further, but the primary difference is the relative time of the infinitive to the main verb, whether actions in the future and those in the present, respectively.

b. Translation Aids

As with other direct objects, a gerund or “to X” translation is sufficient. However, if an accusative substantive is present, one may need to insert “from.”

c. Clarification

Verbs of ceasing contain a consummative idea, either voluntarily or by force or command. As mentioned above, they primarily deal with actions that have already been occurring. On the other hand, “The infinitive preceded by the article τοῦ is used after verbs of hindering and the like to express that which one is hindered (actually or conatively) from doing.”

This subcategory was made distinct from other genitive direct objects because of the difficulty in labeling these as either direct objects or infinitives of separation. The discussion largely centers on the transitivity of the main verb and the presence of an accusative substantive in some cases. Consider the following examples, where a verb of ceasing or hindering would largely function the same way.

a. “The wind stopped.”

This is clearly an intransitive verb of ceasing.

b. “The wind stopped blowing.”

This could be viewed either a transitive verb with (ideally) a Greek infinitive translated as a gerund or as an intransitive verb with an infinitive of separation. One could insert the word “from” for clarification.

c. “He stopped the wind blowing.”

Clearly, “wind” functions as the direct object of (now) a transitive verb. LSJ (???) labels παύω as taking an accusative and genitive double object (cf. BDAG, ???). However, one could either see the accusative as the direct object with an infinitive of separation (“from blowing”) or take the accusative as the “subject” of the infinitive. In the latter case, the entire infinitival clause would be the direct object of the ceasing verb.

For this project, I have maintained the category for the sake of other grammarians that define such a particular function for genitive articular infinitive. NEED FOOTNOTE. However, I would prefer to seem the infinitive functioning as separation, whether the verb is intransitive or transitive. Viewing the accusative as the infinitive’s “subject” makes less sense, since the verb can be transitive. I see no problem with defining the accusative as the direct object and the infinitive as the entity “from” which the object or subject (of intransitive verb) is separated.

So what verbs did I find with this type of infinitive?

And what verbs are distinct enough to be “Separation”? Brief here, longer in Separation section.

The reader must note that often the negative particle μή (or equivalent) modifies the infinitive and would seem to contradict the sense of the sentence. Yet, grammarians agree the particle does not alter the meaning but reinforces the negative aspect of the main verb. NEED FOOTNOTE In discussing this function in the LXX and NT, Votaw claims, “The negative μή in one-third of the instances accompanies this infinitive without reversing the meaning of the phrase.” One could also see these negated instances as providing the purpose or result of the main action, but I see no need to oppose and confuse what has been accepted widely elsewhere.

d. Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 3.218ἐπαύσατο μὲν οὖν ὅ τε ἐσσὴν καὶ ὁ σαρδόνυξ τοῦ λάμπειν

Then indeed the breastplate and the sardonyx stopped shining

Cf. A.J. 11:145 with a genitive participle object and A.J. 7.172 below with a genitive noun.

A.J. 5.129καὶ οὕτως παυσάμενοι πάντες οἱ μὲν τοῦ κτείνειν οἱ δὲ κινδυνεύειν ἐργάζεσθαιτὴν γῆν εὐσχόλουν (of verbal)
And in this way all who were ceasing, the ones from killing, and others from taking risk, were at leisure to work the land.

A.J. 7.172πεισθεῖσα οὖν παύεται τῆς βοῆς καὶ τοῦ πρὸς πολλοὺς τὴν βίαν ἐκφέρειν

Then, being persuaded, she ceased her cry and carrying the act of violence to many.

Greek:

Polyb. 1.29.5τοῦ μὲν παραφυλάττειν τὸν ἐπίπλουν ἀπέγνωσαν

indeed they despaired of observing an attack by sea

This is not an initial decision “rejecting,” but a ceasing of an event already taking place.

*Geogr. 8.6.15καθ᾽ ἧς ἀράσασθαι λέγεται τοὺς ὑπ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνονος πεμφθέντας ναυτολόγους μηδέποτε παύσασθαι τοῦ τειχοδομεῖν (of verbal)

against which (it) is said (that) those collecting sailors sent by Agamemnon to utter not longer to cease building the wall

Diod. 3.33.4ὅθεν ἅμα τῷ φανῆναι παύονται τοῦ τοξεύειν.

Thus, as soon as appearing, they cease shooting.

LXX (translated):

*Exod 9:28 εὔξασθε οὖν περὶ ἐμοῦ πρὸς κύριον καὶ παυσάσθω τοῦ γενηθῆναι φωνὰςθεοῦ

Pray then for me to the Lord, and let him hinder the noises of God from occurring.

LSJ (1350; BDAG, 790) says παύω is used with an accusative object and genitive complement, “to hinder X from Y.” I have labeled this format as separation for now, but this does not work (cf. A.J. 3.218) in constructions without a direct object, so it may be better to see the accusative as the “subject” of the infinitive or the infinitive is separation. FINAL: with direct object, it is separation. without direct object, the genitive is direct object of verb of ceasing. (BDAG, 790) has examples with genitive object (e.g., Decal. 1.97; A.J. 7.144; 1 Pet 4:1)

Ps 33:14 παῦσον τὴν γλῶσσάν σου ἀπὸ κακοῦ καὶ χείλη σου τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον

Hinder your tongue from evil and your lips from speaking deceit.

In this case, the infinitive is practically “Separation,” enforced by the parallel preposition ἀπό. The abilitiy of the verb to be transitive with a genitive (rarely) or accusative with genitive or intransitive with separation nuance makes this difficult. 1 Clement 22:3 quotes this text.

12.Subject of Genitive Absolute

a. Definition

As Wallace notes, “Structurally, the genitive absolute consists of the following: 1) a noun or pronoun in the genitive case (though this is sometimes absent); 2) a genitive anarthrousparticiple (always); 3) the entire construction at the front of a sentence (usually).” A genitive absolute functions in numerous adverbial ways, but the most common are temporal and causal. The following infinitives are “used as the genitive subject of the neuter impersonal participle in the genitive in place of the omitted noun or pronoun.”

b. Translation Aids

As with other subject infinitives, a gerund translation typically reflects the function clearly.

c. Clarification

This subcategory of “subject infinitives” is made because of the distinction from other genitive infinitives as subject. The latter function is debated among grammarians, but this use of the genitive articular infinitive is clear and syntactically “regular.”

Structurally, these types of infinitives are limited to the genitive article, precede/follow a genitive anarthrous participle, and combine with the participle to comprise a clause related to the main sentence logically, but not syntactically.

d. Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 6.153ὡς τοῦ μεταβάλλεσθαι καὶ στρέφειν τὴν γνώμην ἀνθρωπίνου πάθους ὄντοςοὐχὶ θείας ἰσχύος

as changing one’s mind and turning the decision being (“are”) of the human frailty, not of divine strength

Greek:

Diod. 1.80.2ἀδυνάτου γὰρ ὄντος τοῦ πάντας ἀποστῆσαι τῆς κλοπῆς εὗρε πόρον ὁνομοθέτης δι᾽ οὗ πᾶν τὸ ἀπολόμενον σωθήσεται μικρῶν διδομένων λύτρων.

For keeping all from theft being impossible, the lawgiver found a scheme through which everything utterly lost will be saved by small ransoms being given.

Rhod. (31) 27καὶ μὴν ἀτόπου γε ὄντος τοῦ τινα παρεῖναι τῶν ἀξίων τιμῆς καὶ μηδεμίανπαρασχεῖν ἀμοιβὴν τῆς εὐεργεσίας ... ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τὰ δοθέντα πῶς οὐχ ὑπερβολὴνἀδικίας ἔχει;

And truly indeed passing by the (ones) worthy of honor and offering no recompsense for service being out of place … how does taking away the things given not have an excess of injustice?

Rhod. (31) 133αἰσχροῦ γὰρ ὄντος, ὡς οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς ἀντείποι, τοῦ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τοὺςλαβόντας τι, κατὰ μὲν τὸν νόμον τοῦτο ἅπαξ ἐγίγνετο, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἔθος ἀεὶ συμβαίνει.

For depriving those receiving something being shameful, as no one would deny, indeed according to law this was occurring once, but according to custom happens always.

Rhod. (31) 140ὁμολογουμένου τοῦ μηδαμῶς δεῖν μηδὲν ἄδικον πράττειν μηδὲ ἀπρεπές, παρ᾽ οἷς ἂν νόμῳ γίγνηται τὸ τοιοῦτον, ἥττονα ἂν ἔχειν κατηγορίαν ἢ παρ᾽ οἷς ἂν κατὰ ἔθος.

No one needing to do an injust or unseemly (thing) being acknowledged, this might come to be among those under law (rather) than among those according to custom: having less accusation.

P. Oxy. 2182.30–31ἀποστεῖλαι ἰς τὸ ἔτι τοῦ ποταμοῦπλεῖσθαι δυναμένου τὴν καταγωγὴνγενέσθαι

to send (donkeys) in order that landing may occur while sailing the river is possible still

13. Cause (Reason)

Definition

The infinitive frequently provides the reason or basis for the action of the main verb. It answers the question, “Why?”

Translation Aids

The main clause occurs or is true “because of” or “on the basis of” the action or state of the infinitive.

Clarification

Causal infinitives are distinct from means infinitives, in that the latter provide the instrument which is used to accomplish the main verb. It answers, “How?” Yet, a distinction between the two is not always clear. This function is also distinct from purpose infinitives, in that “the causal infinitive gives a retrospective answer (i.e., it looks back to the ground or reason), while the purpose infinitive gives prospective answer (looking forward to the intended result).” That is, these infinitives provide the reason not the goal of the main verb.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

A.J. 4.248 τοῦ δὲ τολμηρῶς καὶ προπετῶς ἐπενεγκεῖν αἰτίαν καὶ διαβολὴν πρόστιμον ἐκτινύτω πληγὰς τεσσαράκοντα μιᾷ λειπούσας λαμβάνων καὶ πεντήκοντα σίκλους ἀποτινύτω τῷ πατρί ἂν δ᾽ ἐξελέγξῃ τὴν παιδίσκην ἐφθαρμένην δημότις μὲν οὖσα τοῦ μὴ σωφρόνως προστῆναι τῆς παρθενίας ἄχρι νομίμων γάμων καταλευέσθω

But for bringing an accusation and slander boldly and rashly, let him pay a penalty, receiving forty stripes minus one, and let him pay back fifty coins to the father; but if he convicts the damsel, having been corrupted, if one of the people, she must be stoned for not governing her virginity wisely until lawful marriage.

A.J. 6.239 τότε μὲν ὁ τοῦ βασιλέως παῖς ἐκπηδήσας [ἀπὸ] τοῦ δείπνου … κλαίων ἑαυτὸν μὲν τοῦ παρὰ μικρὸν ἀπολέσθαι τοῦ κατακεκρίσθαι δ᾽ ἀποθανεῖν Δαυίδην διενυκτέρευσεν

Then the child of the king, rising hastily from dinner … spent the night weeping both from him being near destruction and from David having been condemned to die.

Greek:

P. Oxy. 1641.11–13 ἐκτείσω σοι τοῦ μὴ μέν βεβεῶσαι τὸν [ἐν]οικισμὸν ὡ[ς π]ρόκειται ἀργυρίου δραχμάς τεσσαράκοντα

I will fully repay forty drachmae of silver to you on account of not confirming the habitation as previously mentioned

14. Indirect Discourse

Definition

In reality this is a further subcategory of infinitives of direct object. These infinitives receive the action of the main verb, though the lexical range of the main verbs are now narrowed. In these cases, the infinitive provides the content of what is communicated or perceived.

Translation Aids

The infinitive can either be translated as a gerund or with the regular “to X.”

Clarification

The only distinction between these infinitives and those as direct object is the lexical value of the main verb. These verbs are typically described as those of communication or perception (e.g., ἐρωτάω, λέγω, παραγγέλλω, παρακαλέω). “Indirect discourse” indicates an original message or thought is being related to the reader in narrative form. “The infinitive in indirect discourse represents a finite verb in the direct discourse. The interpreter has to reconstruct the supposed direct discourse.” For example, if a father told his daughter, “I love you,” she could relate that information to someone else by saying, “Daddy said that he loved me” (or, in the infinitival form, “Daddy said to love me”). Thus, the direct message has been transformed into an indirect form. Examples are much more frequent with simple infinitives, but the following examples demonstrate this function occurs in other forms.

The reader must be careful to distinguish the infinitive of indirect discourse from a possible “subject infinitive” of the indirect discourse infinitive. For this category, the infinitive . Verbs of perception or communication without an entire subsequent clause merely have a direct object infinitive. Consider the following examples:

a. “He considered walking in the park.”

This sentence would contain a direct object clause.

b. “He considered walking in the park to be beneficial to his health.”

The infinitival form “to be” would be an infinitive of indirect discourse.

c. “He considered walking in the park beneficial to his health.”

For this project, I have labeled “walking in the park” as the direct object and “beneficial to his health” as the object complement, demanding a logical connector (e.g., “as”). Though equative verbs (e.g., εἰμί) are regularly elided from sentences, and it is possible that the main verb of the direct discourse was εἰμί, it is easier to label the syntax according to categories that fit the existent data (e.g., double accusative of object-complement) without inserting elided elements.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Ps 105:23 καὶ εἶπεν τοῦ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι αὐτούς

And he said to destroy them

Jonah 3:10 καὶ μετενόησεν ὁ θεὸς ἐπὶ τῇ κακίᾳ ᾗ ἐλάλησεν τοῦ ποιῆσαι αὐτοῖς

and God repented of the evil which he had said to do against them

*Isa 10:32 παρακαλεῖτε σήμερον ἐν ὁδῷ τοῦ μεῖναι

You must exhort (them) today to remain in the way

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

1 Macc 10:38 προστεθήτω τῇ Ιουδαίᾳ πρὸς τὸ λογισθῆναι τοῦ γενέσθαι ὑφ᾽ ἕνα

It must be added to Judah in order that it might be considered to be under one

*T. Levi 6:3 ἵνα εἴπῃ τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἑμμὼρ τοῦ περιτμηθῆναι αὐτούς

in order that he might say to the sons of Hamor that they be circumcised

T. Ab. 9:3A παρακαλῶ σε καὶ νῦν, ἀρχιστράτηγε, τοῦ διακονῆσαί μοι λόγον ἔτι ἅπαξ πρὸς τὸν ὕψιστον

I encourage you now also, Commander, to serve me (“by delivering”) a word once again to the Most High

Jos. Asen. 24:14 Φαραὼ ὁ πατήρ μου ὡς πατήρ ἐστι τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ τοῦ βοηθῆσαι αὐτῷ

Pharoah my father is as a father to Joseph and said to him to help him

Spec. 4.142 ἑκατέρου φροντίζοντες τοῦ μήτε ἀδικεῖν μήτε ἀδικεῖσθαι (of verbal)

each one considering neither to do wrong nor to be harmed

Virt. 1.221 θανάτου κινδύνῳ πρὸς εὐσέβειαν ηὐτομόλησεν ὀλίγα φροντίσασα τοῦ ζῆν, εἰ μὴ μέλλοι καλῶς ζῆν· (of verbal)

She deserted toward godliness at the risk of death, considering living little, unless she was about to live well;

A.J. 3.260 ἐπίπλου τε καὶ στέατος αἰγείου καὶ προβατείου καὶ τοῦ τῶν βοῶν ἀπέχεσθαι προεῖπεν

He ordered to keep away from the caul and the fat of a goat and a sheep and oxen.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Greek:

*Geogr. 10.5.6 προσέταττε γάρ, ὡς ἔοικεν, ὁ νόμος τοὺς ὑπὲρ ἑξήκοντα ἔτη γεγονότας κωνειάζεσθαι καὶ τοῦ διαρκεῖν τοῖς ἄλλοις τὴν τροφήν:

For the law, as it seems, was commanding those being over sixty years to drink hemlock and the food nourishing the others.

The connecting conjunction may provide the second command of the law. Yet, its originality is in question, causing LCL (211:169) to take the infinitive as the purpose of poisoning the elderly. The conjunction may be ascensive anyway, allowing the purpose idea.

15. Actual Result

Definition

The infinitive offers the result of the main verb without mentioning if the result was intended by the subject.

Translation Aids

It is difficult to insert a phrase of result without implying intentionality. One of the following may be helpful: “with the result that, so that.”

Clarification

Throughout this project I have attempted to maintain Votaw’s distinct definition. “The result is viewed as having come to pass (applicable to past, rarely to present, time).” In this way actual result is divided from hypothetical or epexegetical result clauses. Again, the most difficult distinction to make is between purpose and result infinitives. The infinitive may provide the outcome or effect of the main verb without emphasizing any degree of intentionality. However, intentional action is sometimes unexplained, allowing for exegetical discussion regarding purpose and result infinitives.

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Exod 14:5 τί τοῦτο πεποιήκαμεν τοῦ ἐξαποστεῖλαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ τοῦ μὴ δουλεύειν ἡμῖν;

What is this that we did: sending the sons of Israel away so as not to serve us?

This is probably the most clear example.

*Mal 2:10 τί ὅτι ἐγκατελίπετε ἕκαστος τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ τοῦ βεβηλῶσαι τὴν διαθήκην τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν;

Why (is it) that you abandoned each one each his brother so as to profane the covenant of your fathers?

I think these are two different actions, so either actual result of purpose. And unless the prophet is being sarcastic (a good possibility), this seems to give the result of forsaking one’s brother.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Jewish:

A.J. 8.10 ἀλλ᾽ εἰς τὴν πατρίδα πορευθεὶς ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς ζῆθι καὶ τοῦτον ἄχρι τελευτῆς ἔχε τὸν βίον ἁμαρτὼν τοῦ μηκέτ᾽ εἶναι δικαίως ἐν ἀξίᾳ

but going to your country, you must live in the fields, and you must have this life until death, sinning so as to be justly with dignity no longer

LOEB mentions remaining in office “no longer.” Whiston simply mentions having dignity or a reputation. In either case, the point is that Abiathar sinned so badly that he deserved heavy punishment. I probably don’t have enough examples of Result of Degree, so this goes in Actual Result.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

LXX (translated):

Exod 9:17 ἔτι οὖν σὺ ἐμποιῇ τοῦ λαοῦ μου τοῦ μὴ ἐξαποστεῖλαι αὐτούς

Then do you still lay claim to my people, so as not to send them away?

The second gives the logical result of the former clause. This could also be purpose or means.

Ps 9:32 ἐπιλέλησται ὁ θεός ἀπέστρεψεν τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν εἰς τέλος

God has forgotten; He has turned away His face so as never to look.

This is what the fool says who opposes the poor. He is eventually trapped because he thinks God has turned away. This could be result, but purpose and even separation make good sense.

Jewish:

Pss. Sol. 9:4 Τὰ ἔργα ἡμῶν ἐν ἐκλογῇ καὶ ἐξουσίᾳ τῆς ψυχῆς ἡμῶν τοῦ ποιῆσαι δικαιοσύνην καὶ ἀδικίαν ἐν ἔργοις χειρῶν ἡμῶν·

Our works (are) in the choosing and authority of our soul to do righteousness and injustice by the works of our hands.

This could be epexegetical result or purpose, too.

Greek:

Diod. 2.17.2 πρὸς δ᾽ αὐτὰς τοὺς ἵππους οἱ στρατιῶται συνάγοντες συνήθεις ἐποίουν τοῦ μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὴν ἀγριότητα τῶν θηρίων.

And by bringing the horses to them, the soldiers were making (them) accustomed, so as not fearing the fierceness of the beasts.

This does give the result of the soldiers’ training the horses, but it more likely provides the purpose of the action.

Did. 10:5 μνήσθητι κύριε τῆς ἐκκλησίας σου τοῦ ῥύσασθαι αὐτὴν ἀπὸ παντὸς πονηροῦ καὶ τελειῶσαι αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ σου

Remember, Lord, your church, to deliver her from every evil and to perfect her in your love.

The infinitives could provide the means of God’s remembering. More specifically, though, these actions give evidence of God’s remembrance. In this way, the infinitive gives the result of the main verb, not even the purpose.

16. Direct Object of Certain Verbs (Hindering)

Definition

Translation Aids

As with other direct objects, a gerund or “to X” translation is sufficient. However, if an accusative substantive is present, one may need to insert “from.”

Clarification

“The wind stopped.”

This is clearly an intransitive verb of ceasing.

“The wind stopped blowing.”

“He stopped the wind blowing.”

So what verbs did I find with this type of infinitive?

And what verbs are distinct enough to be “Separation”? Brief here, longer in Separation section.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

*T. Zeb. 2:8 διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐκώλυσε κύριος τοῦ ἀναβῆναι ὕδωρ ἐν αὐτοῖς, ἵνα γένηται περιποίησις τοῦ Ἰωσήφ.

For because of this the Lord hindered water rising in them, in order that the preservation of Joseph may occur.

T. Ab. 15:14A καὶ ἐγὼ φείδομαι τοῦ ἅψασθαι αὐτοῦ

and I refrain from touching him

A.J. 1.250 ἠξίου τε παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς καταχθῆναι τοῦ προσωτέρω χωρεῖν τῆς νυκτὸς αὐτὸν ἀφαιρουμένης (of verbal)

She requested also (him) lodging with them, since the night was hindering him from advancing further

All of these (and Ceasing) depend on whether the accusative is subject of infinitive or direct object of verb.

*A.J. 7.242 σημήνας δ’ ἀνακλητικὸν ὁ Ἰώαβος ἐπέσχε τοῦ διώκειν τοὺς οἰκείους στρατιώτας τὴν τῶν πολεμίων δύναμιν φειδόμενος τῶν ὁμοφύλων

and sounding for a retreat, Joab hindered his own soldiers from pursuing the army of the enemies

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

LXX (translated):

Gen 20:6 καὶ ἐφεισάμην ἐγώ σου τοῦ μὴ ἁμαρτεῖν σε εἰς ἐμέ

and I spared you, so that you did not sin against me

One could view the infinitive as being the object from which Abimilech was “spared.” The negation, though, strengthens the possibility of “sinning” being a distinct event. This did not happen, so it could be a hypothetical result. However, the following clause (ἕνεκεν τούτου οὐκ ἀφῆκά σε ἅψασθαι αὐτῆς) clearly has a purpose phrase referring back to the infinitive in question. Therefore, it is best to see this infinitive as purpose.

17. Subordination

Definition

Genitive nouns can specify “that which is subordinated to or under the dominion of the head noun.” In the same way the genitive article infinitives gives the object which is governed by someone or something else.

Translation Aids

One key word that aids in making this function explicit is “over.”

Clarification

These infinitives only modify head nouns of ruling or governing.

Clear Examples

Greek:

Diod. (51) 6 καὶ ὅτῳ τὴν μεγίστην ἀρχὴν ἔδωκε τῆς σωφροσύνης καὶ τῆς ἐυταξίας καὶ τοῦ καλῶς βιοῦν ἕκαστον

and to whomever it gives the highest authority over prudence and moderation and each living well

Diatr. 1.11.37 τοῦ δόξαι δὲ ἢ μὴ δόξαι, ἡμεῖς κύριοι καὶ οὐ τὰ ἐκτός.

And over resolving or not resolving, we (are) lords and not the (things) outside.

Leuc. Clit. 7.16.2 Οἱ δὲ φύλακες οὐκ εἶναι κύριοι τοῦ μεθεῖναι καταδικασθέντα πρὸς θάνατον ἄνθρωπον ἔλεγον.

And the guards were saying not to be lords of releasing a man who had been condemned to death.

18. Genitive of Price/Exchange

Definition

A regular genitive substantive can specify “the price paid for or value assessed for the word to which it is related.” In the same way genitive articular infinitives provide something that is offered to receive something else.

The infinitive contains the action for which the activity of the main verb was performed. In other words the action of the main verb is done in response to that of the infinitive.

Translation Aids

One can insert “for,” “for the price of,” or “in exchange for.”

Some phrases to make this nuance explicit are “in exchange for” or “in return.”

Clarification

The genitive substantive is typically a monetary or material word. Since infinitives are built on a verbal root, this “price” will be metaphorical. In addition, the main verbs for these constructions are lexically based, indicating a transation which occurs (e.g., ἀγοράζω, πιπράσκω, πωλέω). DOUBLE CHECK ALLEN AND HEWLETT’S EXAMPLES. This category is similar to “Exchange.” WHAT MAKES THEM DISTINCT?

These infinitives provide a retributive action, not necessarily negative, to the main verb. The two actions may occur simultaneously, but they are done in response to each other so that both parties can be satisfied.

Clear Examples

Greek:

Rhod. (31) 61 μυρίοι δ᾽ εἰσὶν οἱ τὰς ψυχὰς προειμένοι ἑαυτῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως καὶ τοῦ ζῆν ἐωνημένοι τὴν εἰκόνα καὶ τὴν ἐπιγραφήν

And countless are those giving up their own souls on behalf of the city and purchasing (at the price) of living the image and inscription.

Cf. LSJ, 2034. The verb with the genitive indicates price. This is perhaps the best example of genitive of price, but I see no need to create a distinct category from “Exchange.”

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

A.J. 2.3 ὁ δὲ ἀποδόσθαι τὸ πρεσβεῖον αὐτῷ τοῦ φαγεῖν συνεργῷ χρησάμενος τῇ πείνῃ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἠνάγκαζε

but he, using the hunger as a helper, urged his brother to hand over the birthright to him for eating

Esau did exchange the birthright for a bowl of stew, but the infinitive could be merely purpose. He handed over the birthright in order to eat.

Greek:

Polyb. 3.96.12 καὶ λαβὼν παρ᾽ αὐτῶν χρήματα τοῦ μὴ πορθῆσαι τὴν χώραν ἀπηλλάγη

And he departed, after receiving money from them for not destroying the region.

Allen (44) calls this a genitive of price, but the genitive does not give what is offered for the “product.” It gives the exchange or agreement reached between the parties. This could be merely purpose, though.

19. Subsequent Time

Definition

The infinitive presents an action that occurs after the time of the main verb. This does not indicate the action is still to occur; it merely gives time relative to the verb.

Translation Aids

One can simply insert “before” or “prior to” in front of the infinitive to indicate this function.

Clarification

These infinitives typically occur with a preceding preposition (e.g., πρίν, πρό). The following examples, however, occur in Jewish literature with only the article.

Clear Examples

Jewish:

C. Ap. 1.108 ὁ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ᾠκοδομήθη ναὸς ὑπὸ Σολομῶνος τοῦ βασιλέως ἔτεσι θᾶττον ἑκατὸν τεσσαρακοντατρισὶν καὶ μησὶν ὀκτὼ τοῦ κτίσαι Τυρίους Καρχηδόνα

the temple in Jerusalem was constructed by Solomon the king one hundred forty-three years and eight months of Tyrians building Carthage

20. Hypothetical Result

Definition

As Votaw states, this category claims “the result is the natural or probable consequence which would follow upon a given cause, though this result is not distinctly viewed as having come to pass (applicable to past, present or future—generally future—time)”

Translation Aids

The translation of the infinitive remains the same as actual result (e.g., “so that, with the result that”). However, one could insert a word of hesitancy as well (e.g., “may, would”).

Clarification

These result infinitives indicate something would happen if an action were to be done. This applies to conditional sentences, future actions, and commands. Wallace makes the following distinction between the two main types of result. “The result infinitive may be used to indicate either actual or natural result. Actual result is indicated in the context as having occurred; natural result is what is assumed to take place at a time subsequent to that indicated in the context.”

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Lev 4:3 ἐὰν μὲν ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς ὁ κεχρισμένος ἁμάρτῃ τοῦ τὸν λαὸν ἁμαρτεῖν καὶ προσάξει περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ

Indeed, if the high priest which has been anointed sins, so that the people sin, then he will bring (a calf) for his sin.

Lev 26:44 οὐδὲ προσώχθισα αὐτοῖς ὥστε ἐξαναλῶσαι αὐτοὺς τοῦ διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην μου τὴν πρὸς αὐτούς

I neither was angered by them so as to destroy them, to disband my covenant with them.

If this were to modify προσωχθισα, it could be another result of degree. Yet, the infinitive is more closely related to the first infinitive, giving the separate result that would have happened had God destroyed the Israelites.

Deut 8:11 πρόσεχε σεαυτῷ μὴ ἐπιλάθῃ κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου τοῦ μὴ φυλάξαι τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ

Do not forget the Lord your God, so as not to keep his commands

This has not happened, but it would if they forgot God.

Hos 11:9 οὐ μὴ ἐγκαταλίπω τοῦ ἐξαλειφθῆναι τὸν Εφραιμ

I will never forsake, so that Ephraim is destroyed

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

LXX (translated):

Gen 20:6 καὶ ἐφεισάμην ἐγώ σου τοῦ μὴ ἁμαρτεῖν σε εἰς ἐμέ

and I spared you, so that you did not sin against me

*Gen 23:6 οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἡμῶν οὐ μὴ κωλύσῃ τὸ μνημεῖον αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ σοῦ τοῦ θάψαι τὸν νεκρόν σου ἐκεῖ.

For none of us will withhold his tomb from you, to bury your dead there.

This is more likely purpose, for the reason Abraham needs a tomb is to bury his family.

Jewish:

1 Macc 10:38 προστεθήτω τῇ Ιουδαίᾳ πρὸς τὸ λογισθῆναι τοῦ γενέσθαι ὑφ᾽ ἕνα τοῦ μὴ ὑπακοῦσαι ἄλλης ἐξουσίας ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τοῦ ἀρχιερέως

It must be added to Judah in order that it might be considered to be under one, to not obey another authority but the high priest

To be hypothetical result (which has not occurred), the infinitive would modify γενεσθαι, giving the result of being under one new ruler. Another option is for υπακουσαι to modify λογισθηναι, giving a second indirect discourse clause. The final, and perhaps my preferred option, is to see the second genitive infinitive as parallel to the προς το infinitive, modifying προστεθητω, and providing a second purpose. With this much uncertainty, one cannot be dogmatic.

21. Apposition (Accusative)

Definition

Translation Aids

Clarification

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

*Exod 14:5 τί τοῦτο πεποιήκαμεν τοῦ ἐξαποστεῖλαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ τοῦ μὴ δουλεύειν ἡμῖν;

What is this that we did: sending the sons of Israel away so as not to serve us?

*Ps 26:4 μίαν ᾐτησάμην παρὰ κυρίου ταύτην ἐκζητήσω τοῦ κατοικεῖν με ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς μου τοῦ θεωρεῖν με τὴν τερπνότητα τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἐπισκέπτεσθαι τὸν ναὸν αὐτοῦ.

I asked one (thing) from the Lord; I will seek this: me dwelling in the house of the Lord all the days of my life, for me to see the beauty of the Lord and visit his temple.

The first infinitive is clearly apposition to ταυτην, and the second and third may be as well. They may also be purpose, giving the reason for desiring to dwell in the Lord’s house, but the parallelism between “house” and “temple” cause me to think these are synonymous lines and thus all appositional.

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

Jewish:

T. Ab. 2:11A ἀλλ᾽ ἐγὼ ἀπέχομαι τούτου, τοῦ μὴ καθίσαι ἐπὶ ζῴου τετραπόδου ποτέ

But I keep away from this, so as not to sit on a four-footed creature at any time.

A similar expression (though simple infinitive) is in verse ten. In both cases, it is unclear whether the demonstrative is retrospective or prospective grammatically. In this case, the negation causes me to think this is purpose. Charlesworth, 1:883, translates it as the DO, indicating apposition.

22. Apposition (Adverb)

Definition

Translation Aids

Clarification

Clear Examples

LXX (translated):

Josh 22:26 καὶ εἴπαμεν ποιῆσαι οὕτως τοῦ οἰκοδομῆσαι τὸν βωμὸν τοῦτον οὐχ ἕνεκεν καρπωμάτων οὐδὲ ἕνεκεν θυσιῶν

And we said to do thus: to build this altar, not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices,

Cf. Gen; Exod; Lev; Num; Deut; Josh; Ps; Hos; Amos; Mic; Joel; Obad; Jonah; Nah; Hab; Zeph; Hag; Zech; Mal; Isa .

23. Epexegetical Result

Definition

In his discussion of participles, Wallace defines another category of result than actual and hypothetical (or natural). The form “indicates an implication of the action of the controlling verb. It is thus actually simultaneous, giving the logical outcome of the verb.”

Translation Aids

The regular translations for result infinitives can be used (e.g., “so that, with the result that”), though perhaps a word of logic should be inserted as well.

Clarification

Wallace’s definition explains two key aspects of this function. First, the timeframes of the verb and infinitive are simultaneous. Second, the result is logical, not actual. For example, John 5:18 is a clear example of a participial use: πατέρα ἴδιον ἔλεγεν τὸν θεὸν ἴσον ἑαυτὸν ποιῶν τῷ θεῷ. These are not two separate actions in time, but claiming to be God’s Son was logically equivalent to claiming equality with God in the mind of a first century Jew.

The reader should also distinguish the term “epexegetical result” from “epexegetical.” The latter applies to both nouns and verbs but explains what is meant by the term. “Epexegetical result” only modifies verb forms and provides a logical implication of the statement.

Possible Examples (and why they are more likely one or the other). Don’t really need Possible examples from each category, but if there are no clear examples, I could fit a structure here as debated in one or two categories.

LXX (translated):

Gen 3:22 Αδαμ γέγονεν ὡς εἷς ἐξ ἡμῶν τοῦ γινώσκειν καλὸν καὶ πονηρόν

Adam has become as one of us, to know good and evil.

The actions are simultaneous, and the latter defines the “becoming like God.” This could also be actual result in a more general sense.

Ps 140:4 μὴ ἐκκλίνῃς τὴν καρδίαν μου εἰς λόγους πονηρίας τοῦ προφασίζεσθαι προφάσεις ἐν ἁμαρτίαις σὺν ἀνθρώποις ἐργαζομένοις ἀνομίαν

Do not bend my heart toward words of evil, to make excuses with reference to sins with men who work iniquity

The difficulty is deciding whether the Psalmist is discussing one or two things to avoid. If one, this is epexegetical result, defining what would happen if bent towards “evil words.” One could even label this as epexegetical, modifying λόγους. If two, the infinitive is something else he does not want to be directed towards.

Jewish:

T. Reu. 6:7 τῷ γὰρ Λευὶ ἔδωκε κύριος τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τῷ Ἰούδᾳ, μετ᾽ αὐτῶν κἀμοὶ καὶ Δὰν καὶ Ἰωσήφ, τοῦ εἶναι εἰς ἄρχοντας.

For the Lord gave power to Levi and to Judah, with them also to me and Dan and Joseph, so as to be as rulers.

The cognate terms cause me to think this is epexegetical result, saying the same thing a different way. If the terms have a slightly different nuance, though, the infinitive could be purpose or even epexegetical (if τὴν αρχήν has the sense of “authority”).

Tuesday, December 27, 2022

Genitive Articular Infinitives (Extrabiblical)

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